哈尼族历法的演变

哈尼族原始的历法,是将一年分成10个月、每个月固定为36天,另外5～6天余日用于过新年,简称十月历。在受到汉族的农历影响、接受了一年分成12个月的概念后,十月历与十二月历被混淆在一起,出现了有月份重叠的现象,即在生活中,注重以十二生肖纪日,以物候指导生产,纪月相当模糊,相差几天也无所谓的局面。 据哈尼族的神话传说和云南绿春县的白氏家谱分析,哈尼族从使用十月历转向接受十二月历的概念,约开始于公元14世纪,而后逐渐扩展开来,十月历渐渐被淡忘。但是,转向完全使用农历,却经历了漫长的历史时期,直至1950年还没有完成这一转变过程,主要原因是经济发展极端缓慢,交通困难,很少与外部进行交流。

Evolution of the Calendar of the Hani Nationality

The original calendar of the Hani nationality,in which a year was divided into 10 months,a month had definitely 36 days and the additional 5 or 6 days were used to celebrate the New Year,is called "Ten-Month" Calendar for short.The "Kuzaza Festival" near the Summer Solstice and the "Ten-Month New Year" near the Winter Solstice are respectively the summer new year and winter new year in the ten-month calendar.Owing to the effect of the lunar calendar of the Han nationality and the adoption of twelve-month calendar,the 10-month calendar and 12-month calendar were mixed up and the phenomenon of month overlapping appeared.That is,the Hani people in their living paid attention to the use of numbering days by means of the twelve animals representing the twelve Earthly Branches,and their activities of agricultural production were arranged according to phenology,while there was not a strict way of numbering the months in their daily life.Two new years were introduced into the lunar calendar,the Ten-Month New Year was fixed in the 10th month(October),while the Kuzaza Festival in the 5th month(May)or 6th month(June)is generally called the June Festival.The dates of these two new years are determined according to any of the twelve animals.In this paper a discussion is presented on the general picture of the 10-month calendar.From the legend of the Hani fair tale and the analysis on the Bai's family tree in Luchun County,the Hani people began to accept the concept of the twelve-month ca lendar from the 14th century and before that time they used the 10-month calendar,and then the twelve-month calendar got widely accepted.Meanwhile,the contents of the 10-month calendar also gradually faded from people's memory.However,the evolution from the 10-month calendar to the general use of the lunar calendar was a long historical process which not been completed yet up to 1950.The main reasons were extremely slow economic development,difficulties in communications and very few exchanges with the outside world.