1912—1949年中国地理学者的发展特征分析

本文基于多种资料,梳理了1912—1949年中国地理学者姓名、生卒年、籍贯、领域、教育与工作经历等数据,从来源、增长、结构3个层面讨论当时中国地理学者发展进程。研究发现1912—1949年间：① 地理学者在来源层面可分舆地学者、外聘地理学者、现代学制培养地理学者（含有交集关系的国内培养学者、留学培养学者、跨学科学者）3种类型,不同类型群体对地理学者发展的影响差异明显;② 地理学者数量发展可分1912—1927年波动增长,1928—1939年持续增长,1940—1941年急速增长和1942—1949年放缓增长4个时期;③ 中国地理学者学科结构、领域结构、学缘结构、地域结构、年龄结构、性别结构等方面均表现为失衡但失衡程度趋于降低的态势;④ 地理学者发展与地理教学、研究机构发展关系密切,特别是高等地理教学机构对地理学者发展有多重影响。1912—1949年中国地理学者的发展为中国科学地理学的持续进步奠定了人才基础,其过程同时是中国近现代地理学转型的一个侧面。

Analysis on the development characteristics of geographers in China from 1912 to 1949

Based on materials mainly comprising name lists, biographies, short introductions, dictionaries of/on geographers, historical records overviewing colleges and universities, histories of geography departments, and so on, this study aims at revealing the development process of geographers in China in the period 1912-1949 from a ternary perspective of source, growth, and structure. The key data on geographers' birth and death years, native places, subdisciplines or fields they contributed to, and their educational and working backgrounds are extracted and used to identify geographers and evaluate their development process. A total of 460 geographers (449 Chinese, 11 foreigners) are identified. The research reveals the following: First, geographers can be categorized into three types: traditional, foreign, and scientific cultivation (including domestic trained, overseas trained, and interdisciplinary scholars), and the changes in geographer type reflected the change of disciplinary traditions. Second, the development of geographers can be divided into four periods: initial growth (1912-1927), continuous growth (1928-1939), rapid growth (1940-1941), and slow growth (1942-1949). Third, the distribution of Chinese geographers' subdisciplines or fields, research directions, native places, ages, and gender showed a pattern of obvious unbalance but continuous optimization. Finally, the development of geographers was closely related to the establishment of teaching and scientific research institutions. The higher teaching institutions had a "double-track" effect (employing and training) on the development of geographers in terms of recruitment and training. In particular, the contribution of university geography departments to the cultivation of geographers was characterized as the "double-track" system related to the types of universities and departments. Geoscience departments in comprehensive universities and those jointly established with geology and meteorology departments made outstanding contributions to the development of geography, while geoscience departments in universities tended to train physical geographers. Overall, the number of geographers in China, particularly Chinese geographers, and the rate at which that number increased were considerable, albeit unevenly distributed over time. Notably, the development of Chinese geographers from 1912 to 1949 laid a solid talent foundation for the further development of Chinese geography after 1949. The progress of the development of Chinese geographers from 1912 to 1949 was also remarkable, and was the result of the efforts of senior, outstanding, famous, young, and female geographers, and the participation of foreign companions.