基于地理标记照片的北京市入境旅游流空间特征

城市作为现代旅游目的地的一种重要类型,在集聚旅游发展要素、塑造城市休闲空间、提升城市品质等方面具有突出作用。城市旅游流是城市旅游要素关联、空间组织的路径,对于城市交通组织方式、公共服务设施建设、休闲旅游产业布局等方面影响越来越大。本文立足城市内部微观尺度,以入境旅游流空间特征为研究对象,利用数据挖掘技术,通过Flickr API接口获取了2004-2015年北京市范围内全部带有地理信息的照片及其属性信息,通过构建的数据清洗方法控制初始数据质量,建立基础数据库,使用密度聚类（P-DBSCAN）、马尔科夫随机链等方法探索入境游客热点区域空间分布格局、流动空间特征。结果显示：① 北京市历史城区（2环之内区域）、中心城区（2环至5环之间区域）以及郊区（5环之外区域）的旅游热点区域（AOI）呈现出不同的空间特征,其中历史城区AOI呈现出与景区、休闲娱乐、餐饮购物等相关产业空间重叠的趋势,各热点区域边界模糊,复合连绵成片。中心城区AOI集聚与城市功能区密切相关,具有明确的城市功能取向。郊区AOI基本与旅游景点一致,没有向景区外部延伸;② 传统历史文化类AOI访问热度占有绝对优势,商业购物休闲AOI及现代城市功能AOI的影响力在逐渐增强;③ 强入境旅游流主要集中在历史城区内部AOI之间,以及中心城区的西北部与东部区域内部AOI之间,郊区AOI之间没有较强的旅游流,北京市入境旅游流整体呈现以历史城区为中心,放射性分布的框架;④ 各区域AOI之间均有较次一级旅游流联系,北京市入境旅游流形成了初步的网络结构。

Exploring the spatial characteristics of Beijing inbound tourist flow based on geotagged photos

As one of the most important modern tourism destinations, cities are playing a critical role in developing agglomerated tourism elements, shaping urban leisure space and promoting urban life quality. In particular, the city tourist flow provides a key path for connections between tourism elements and spatial organization, and its influence on urban traffic organization, public service facilities and leisure tourism industry layout has also been increasing. Motivated by these observations, this paper examines spatial characteristics of inbound tourist flows from a microscopic perspective within a city. Firstly, all photos with geographical and attribute information in Beijing from 2004 to 2015 are obtained from the Flickr API interface using data mining technology. Then, a series of data cleaning methods are used to enhance initial data quality and a database is established. Finally, spatial pattern of inbound tourist flows and spatial characteristics of areas of interest (AOI) are analyzed using various methods including P-DBSCAN and Markov chain. The main results are as follows: (1) Spatial characteristics of AOI in the historic center (the region inside the 2nd Ring Road), the central urban area (the region between the 2nd and 5th ring roads) and the suburbs (the region outside the 5th Ring Road) in Beijing are significantly different: the AOI in the historic center in Beijing cover spaces of scenic spots, leisure, entertainment, restaurants, shops and other related industries, and the boundaries between AOI are unclear, with one AOI connecting to another; AOI in the central urban area are closely related to urban functional areas, and has a definite orientation of urban functions; finally, AOI in the suburbs of Beijing are consistent with the tourist attractions, with the boundaries not going beyond scenic areas. (2) The traditional, historical and cultural AOI dominate other AOI. Meanwhile, the commercial, shopping and leisure AOI as well as modern city function related AOI are becoming more and more attractive. (3) Inbound tourist flows are mainly distributed in AOI of the historical districts and the northwest and east of the central urban areas. Moreover, there is no big tourist flow between the suburban regions. Overall, the inbound tourist flow in Beijing follows a radioactive distribution pattern centered at the historic center. (4) AOI of different regions are connected with secondary tourist flows, and the inbound tourism flow in Beijing has formed a preliminary network structure.