港-城界面的演变及其空间机理

港—城界面是水路运输相关活动地域与城市地域交互作用的区域,是港口与城市相互关系的一个特定滨水空间。作为各种社会力量和技术发展在特定空间地域的投影,港—城界面经历了一系列的空间迁移和形态演变。其空间迁移轨迹是由内城中心至内城边缘,再到远离内城的位置。在其生命周期的形成生长、成熟扩张、衰退废弃和再生复活各阶段体现了港城关系由共生一体、共同扩张、分离、最后再度整合的演变过程。以宁波为案例,分析了港—城界面的演变和空间机理。在不同的历史时期内,江厦港区、江北港区、镇海和北仑港区所呈现的是商贸综合体和港城聚落、西式中心商务区和近代城市社区、临港工业综合体和物流园区等港-城界面空间景观形态的变化,再生后的江北港区则成为城市休闲旅游文化创意产业综合体。在港—城界面演变的历史进程中,运输技术与组织以及通讯技术变革是港—城界面迁移的主要引擎,劳动地域分工确定了港—城界面的产业和形态,再生动机更多地来自城市更新和政治经济需求,环保意识和立法促进了港城分离,制度变革是基础。

Port-city interface: Evolution and the spatial mechanism

Port-city interface, an area interacted by the land for water-transportation-related activities and urban zones, is a coastal area representing the linkage of port land uses and urban land uses. As a projection of all social forces and technological development on a specific space, the evolution of port-city interface goes through a lifecycle of growth, mature and expansion, decline and abandon, and revitalization, showing different spatial linkage between port and city, respectively integration, mutual expansion, separation and reintegration. Spatially it migrates from inner urban core, to urban margin, and finally further away. This paper describes the evolution of port-city interface in Ningbo and aims to explain its spatial mechanism. Ports in different periods have developed port-city interfaces of various spatial forms. The ancient Jiangxia Wharves developed a complex tract of business and trade, and the port city Ningbo; while Jiangbei Terminal developed a complex district of western style business center and urban community, and the contemporary Zhenhai and Beilun terminals are developing complex zones of port-related coastal industries and logistic parks. The Ningbo case shows the mechanism of spatial evolution, that the technological revolution in maritime transportation and communication, and organization change for containerization and multi-modal transportation are the engines of its spatial migration, regional labor division in different socio-economic periods determines the industries and company agglomeration in port-city interface and the spatial patterns, the mechanism for revitalization is mostly from the urban renewal and political and economic demands, public care to environmental protection and legislation accelerate the separation of port and city, and institution reform is a critical condition. The case also shows that Ningbo is born to be a port city, with the expansion and migration of port and port-city interface, it is developing into a port metropolis. The results point to an eternal trend that the evolution of port-city interface is a basic element for the development of an active and growing port city, which calls creative policies and harmonious linkage between port and city, especially in the future regional development for environmentally and ecologically-friendly society.