"人才争夺战"背景下人才流动的空间特征及影响因素——以中国"一流大学"毕业生为例

自2017年以来,“人才争夺战”如火如荼,城市步入以人才为核心要素的高维竞争阶段。作为人才争夺战的主要目标和人力资本的重要承载者,本文聚焦中国“一流大学”毕业生,基于2018年《毕业生就业质量报告》,运用Cartogram地图呈现了毕业生的空间流动特征,并梳理政府人才政策文件构建了人才政策评价指标体系,运用有向迁移模型剖析毕业生流动的影响因素。结果表明：① 就学地存在粘滞性,但区域差异显著,毕业生向一线城市集聚。② 城市吸引力水平分异明显,部分城市通过发布人才政策以补充地方经济、舒适性吸引力的不足。③ 经济维度要素与城市舒适性均能有效吸引毕业生流入,较高房价收入比会引发“挤出效应”。人才政策中,落户政策对毕业生流入起激励作用。

Migration of human capital in the context of vying for talent competition:A case study of China's"first-class"university graduates

Human capital is the key driver of urban innovation and development.In 2017,the"vying for talent"competition was initiated by some second-tier cities,since then cities have been competing each other fiercely for recruiting and retaining talent.This paper focuses on China′s"first-class"university graduates,who are regarded as the main target of the"vying for talent"competition and an important carrier of human capital.Based on 2018 Graduate Employment Reports,this paper demonstrates the spatial mobility of graduates using Cartogram.In addition,an evaluation system for assessing talent policy is constructed through analyses of the talent policies issued by different cities.With a directional migration model,the determinants of graduate mobility are explored.The results reveal that there are significant regional disparities in retention rates,with the geographical patterns of the Y-shaped low-value areas in the northeastern,northwestern,and central regions,and the U-shaped high-value areas covering east coast to southwest.Graduates have been accumulating spatially,and the T-shaped cluster along east coast and the Yangtze River Economic Belt has formed.The spatial patterns of"neighborhood interaction"and"long-distance unidirectional flow"are presented between the city of university and the city of employment.Moreover,the differences in city attractiveness are remarkable.First-tier cities are preferred by graduates,even though limited talent policies have been implemented there.Some second-tier cities have issued talent policies to make up for the lack of attractiveness in economy and amenities.The findings suggest that economic factors,such as income level and technological innovation,as well as amenities including natural and cultural environment,educational resources,and public transportation are positively associated with the volume of graduates inflow.It has been found that a higher ratio of house price to income has squeezed out university graduates.With regard to talent policies,only relaxed hukou policy has a strong effect on attracting graduates,whereas the effects of housing and employment policies are relatively limited.However,it needs to be noted that talent policies may take a longer time to show effects,which requires follow-up investigation.In addition,heterogeneity at the individual level in terms of place of origin,major,etc.should be explored in the future studies.