互联网对中国电影企业分布和产业网络联系的影响——“院线”与“网络”电影的比较

以中国2017年公映的305部“院线电影”和上线的1 025部“网络电影”为样本，运用社会网络分析方法，从城市维度比较分析了两类电影企业分布和产业网络联系差异，并运用计量和QAP（Quadratic Assignment Procedure）回归分析，测度了互联网对两类电影企业分布和产业网络联系的影响。结果发现：1）互联网没有带来地理终结。两类电影企业分布的空间基尼系数都高达0.9以上，皆存在高度聚集，但网络电影企业空间分布相对略微分散。2）相对于院线电影，网络电影产业网络联系的规模和平均最短路径皆更大，连通度和中心势皆更小。3）计量回归分析表明：互联网发展更好的城市，集聚的电影生产企业更多，尤其能对网络电影企业产生更强的吸引。QAP回归分析表明：互联网发展更好的城市之间更容易建立产业网络联系，尤其是建立“网络电影”生产的分工联系。

The Impact of the Internet on the Spatial Distribution and Industrial Network Linkages of Chinese Film Enterprises:Based on the Comparison of "Online Movies" and "Theatrical Movies"

"Online movie" is a new film industry created by the Internet. The innate Internet gene of online movies makes its industrial and organizational structure more different from that of traditional theatrical movies. This study selected 305 "theatrical movies" and 1,025 "online movies" released in 2017 in China as samples and used social network analysis to compare and analyze the distribution and industrial network connections between the two types of movie enterprises from the city dimension. It also measured the impact of the Internet on the distribution of the two types of movie enterprises and industry network linkages using econometric and Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) regression analysis. First, the Internet did not bring geographical endings. The spatial Gini coefficients of both types of film enterprises are above 0.9, both with a high degree of aggregation, but the spatial distribution of online movie enterprises is slightly dispersed. The reason is that the initial layout of cinema enterprises was more concentrated in the early years of the founding of China. The eight major film studios in the early years of the country were established only in a few developed cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi'an, and Changchun, where the economic base was better. With the progress of information technology and the popularization of the Internet, these developed cities with the initial layout of theatrical films still have excellent Internet infrastructure conditions. In addition, such cities also have economic, cultural, social, talent and capital advantages, which continue to attract new online movie enterprises. Therefore, the Internet does not bring the end of geography at this stage. Second, compared with theatrical films, the scale and average shortest path of network connections in the online movie industry are larger, and their degree of connectivity and central potential are smaller. The Internet is changing the inter-city industrial network connections of film enterprises in the following ways: 1) the long-tail effect and convenience of consumption brought about by the Internet have expanded consumer demand for online movies, and a large amount of capital is attracted by high profits to enter the online movie industry. Therefore, compared to theatrical movies, the scale of online movie production networks is larger. 2) The labor division in the online movie industry is simplified due to the fast consumption mode brought about by the Internet, and the industrial organization structure is increasingly flat, making online movie production networks connectivity smaller, the average shortest path larger, and nodes connection looser compared with that of theatrical movie production networks. 3) The Internet's promotion of knowledge diffusion, resource flow, and technological innovation has lowered technical barriers, resource barriers, and production costs, and increased market competition in the online movie industry. Compared to the production network of theatrical movies, the central potential of the online movie production network is smaller and its power distribution is more decentralized. Third, the results of the econometric regression analysis show that cities with better Internet development have more film production enterprises, which are especially attractive to online movie enterprises. Meanwhile, the results of the QAP regression analysis show that cities with better Internet development are more likely to establish industrial network linkages, especially for "online movie" production. The results of QAP regression analysis show that cities with better Internet development are more likely to establish industrial network links, especially the labor division for "online movie" production. In addition, the regression coefficients of economic development level, openness level, geographic proximity, administrative affiliation, and industrial structure difference are all significantly positive. The contributions of this study are as follows. First, it provides a dialogue on controversial academic views. In terms of spatial distribution characteristics, although that of online movie enterprises is slightly more dispersed than that of theatrical movie enterprises, both of them have a high spatial clustering trend. This further confirms the academic view that "the Internet does not bring the end of geography at this stage." Second, it breaks through the "individual" and "isolated" enterprise perspective of previous studies as we attempted to visualize the "node" and "linkage" industrial network perspective. We also tried to analyze the impact of the Internet on the network of urban film industry from the perspective of "nodes" and "links" of industrial networks.