中资企业离岸研发研究进展：经济地理学的探索

基于经济地理学领域的相关文献，系统梳理并评述了中资企业离岸研发的已有研究进展。研究发现，目前国内外经济地理学在中资企业离岸研发的区位选择、空间组织、行为主体等作用机制及溢出效应等方面取得了一批研究成果：中资企业离岸研发的区位主导因素因东道国特征和企业发展阶段不同而有所侧重，离岸研发的空间组织模式及其知识流动路径因其在全球创新格局中的地位而呈现差异化特征，其中跨国人员在帮助企业及地区获取其知识溢出并实现技术追赶中发挥重要的“边界扳手”作用；但同时现有研究也存在理论针对性不强、分析手段缺乏、溢出效应重视不够等问题：建议针对中资企业离岸研发活动的特点，从关系、制度、演化的视角入手，建立新的企业离岸研发理论假说。并从创新活动“流的空间”的视角入手，揭示多尺度下中资企业离岸研发空间演化规律；从关系和演化经济地理学视角入手，厘清不同尺度及多维邻近性视角下中资企业离岸研发区位因子；从中资企业特殊商业文化入手，分析华人华侨、海外人才等行为主体在中资企业离岸研发活动形成与发展中的作用；从创新溢出效应的视角入手，区分中资企业离岸研发活动对母国和东道国发展的影响。

Research Progress on Offshoring R&D of Chinese Enterprises from the Perspective of Economic Geography

Offshoring R&D refers to the behavior of multinational companies (MNCs) engaged in research and development abroad through captive offshoring R&D and outsourced offshoring R&D. Offshoring R&D has become an increasingly important strategic choice for enterprises in emerging economies such as China to acquire advanced technological resources as well as to create and maintain competitive advantages gained in the global market over the past decades. With the improvement of China's international status, the offshoring R&D activities of Chinese enterprises have a greater impact on the global innovation network, which has attracted great attention from scholars in the field of economic geography. Economic geographers from domestic and foreign countries have a number of achievements in the research work related to the influencing mechanism of Chinese enterprises' offshoring R&D activities, including the location selection, spatial organization, the role of different actors, and spillover effect of Chinese enterprises' offshoring R&D activities on their home and host counties: The dominant locational factor of offshoring R&D for Chinese enterprises' location varies with the firm's development stage and the host countries' characteristics; Both the model of space organization and the path to knowledge flowing presents the differentiation characteristics, which is influenced by its position in the geography of global innovation; Transnational talents play an important role as the boundary spanner in helping Chinese enterprise and the region obtain the knowledge spillover to realize technological catch-up; However, there are also limitations, such as poor theoretical pertinence, lacking of analytical methods, and insufficient attention to spillover effects. We firstly find that the traditional international business theories based on the practice of MNCs from developed countries could not fully explain the offshoring R&D behavior of Chinese MNCs, and the existing empirical studies on research perspectives, content, and methods have the following limitations: lacking of analytical methods, and less attention on the spillover effect related to offshoring R&D activities of Chinese enterprises. Based on the systematic review of the offshoring R&D research achievements of Chinese enterprises, mainly from the economic geography literature, this paper proposes to reconstruct a new theoretical hypothesis of Chinese enterprises' offshoring R&D from the perspectives of relationship, institution, and evolution, aiming at the unique characteristics of Chinese enterprises' offshoring R&D activities. In addition, from the perspective of "flow space" of innovation activities, it is necessary to reveal the spatial evolution law of offshoring R&D of Chinese enterprises under multiple scales. From the perspective of relational and evolutionary economic geography, it is necessary to clarify the locational factors of offshoring R&D of Chinese enterprises from the perspectives of different scales and multi-dimensional proximity. From the special business culture of Chinese enterprises in the process of operating offshoring R&D, it is necessary to analyze the role of overseas Chinese, overseas talent, and other behavioral actors in the formation and development of Chinese enterprises' offshoring R&D activities. From the perspective of the effect of knowledge spillover, it is essential to distinguish the heterogenous influence of Chinese enterprises' offshoring R&D activities on the development of home and host countries.