高度城市化区域水库水源地环境安全管理信息系统开发——以深圳某水库为例

中国高度城市化区域水源地环境安全问题较突出，同时环境安全管理技术手段落后，无法满足管理需求。为了解决这一问题，文章以深圳某水库为例探讨了高度城市化区域水库水源地环境安全管理信息系统的功能需求和开发方案，并基于GIS技术开发了具有多种功能的城区水库水源地环境安全管理信息系统。经实际应用，识别出深圳某水库水源地主要风险源为库尾截污闸、沙湾路水库段、大望桥段、丹沙路桥段；水源地敏感带除在一级水源保护区内有分布外，主要是分布在二级水源保护区内，甚至在距水库较远的二级水源保护区内的一些区域也被识别为敏感地带，该系统可弥补饮用水水源保护区划分方法的不足，用于辅助水源保护区的监管决策；主要风险源发生污染事故时，污染物最快约20 h可到达坝前取水口处；利用实测小时降雨量实现了库尾截污闸处洪峰和开闸泄洪过程，以及泄洪污染物在水库中的迁移扩散过程预报；通过现场视频监控和水质在线监测实现了水源地环境的实时监控。应用结果表明，该系统实用性强，可为高度城市化区域水库水源地环境安全管理提供有效的决策支持。

Development of Environmental Security Management Information System for Reservoir-Type Water Source in Highly Urbanized Areas:A Case Study of A Reservoir in Shenzhen

The environment security situations of water sources in China’s highly urbanized areas are worrying; meanwhile, there exists an obvious application deficiency of advanced methods and tools to support the environment security management. To solve this problem, the functional requirements and the development schemes are discussed first and a GIS-based information system with several practical functions is developed then, taking a reservoir in Shenzhen for example. An actual application of the system to the example reservoir achieves following results: the environmental risk evaluation module indicates that Shawan Sewage Interception Sluice, municipal roads near the reservoir, and bridges across the reservoir surface are the major risk sources of accidental water pollution; the sensitive zoning module reveals the most sensitive zones of the water source are mainly located near around the head and the west side of the reservoir, however, there are still some such as Shatangbu community located relatively far away, which displays that this module can offset the defect of the technical guideline currently in effect for delineating source water protection areas concerning environmental risk prevention; the environmental prediction module shows that pollutants will cost at least 20 hours to disperse and be transferred to the intake near the dam, supposing an accidental pollution event takes place respectively at each site of the major risk sources; also using the environmental prediction module, both the flood flow at Shawan Sluice and the discharge from the sluice into the reservoir because of flood releasing can be forecasted in advance by using hourly measured rainfall, besides, the pollutants’ situation of transferring and diffusion in the reservoir can be simulated after the flood releasing; a real-time video surveillance and on-line monitoring of the reservoir water environment can be realized with the environmental monitoring module by installing associated equipments at suitable sites of both the sensitive zones and in the waters. The achievements demonstrate that the developed information system is both powerful and practical, and can be used to effectively support the environment security management of reservoir-type water sources in China’s highly urbanized areas.