新疆天山自然遗产地景观格局动态演化及其生态健康评价

喀拉峻-库尔德宁区域是新疆天山自然遗产地的重要组成部分，其生态健康状况将影响该自然遗产地的突出普遍价值。目前从景观生态学角度，通过景观格局动态演化过程反映自然遗产地生态健康研究较少。本研究以喀拉峻-库尔德宁区域为例，基于多源遥感影像，提取景观信息进行定性与定量分析，并结合景观格局指数，从景观动态特征、类型水平和景观水平分析景观格局演化特征，评价景观健康状况，形成自然遗产地景观数据的获取方法，探索景观格局与生态过程的关系，为相关研究提供借鉴。结果显示：裸地增加，冰雪、针阔混交林等景观减少；类型水平上，针阔混交林受人为干扰严重，中和低覆盖度草地呈破碎化；景观水平上，景观聚集度、连通性、分形状况稳定，景观多样性提升后维持稳定；总体景观生态健康，突出普遍价值（OUV）维持稳定，但对针阔混交林需要进行重点保护。结果可为研究区综合管理和生态健康分析提供有效数据。

Dynamic evolution of landscape pattern and ecological health assessment of Tianshan Natural Heritage Site in Xinjiang

Kalajan-Kurderen area is one of the main parts of Tianshan natural heritage in Xinjiang. Its outstanding universal value (OUV), by which it is selected as the world heritage, is heavily affected by the status of ecological health. The landscape pattern is helpful for revealing the dynamic trend of ecological health, however, there are little cases studying the status of ecological health of natural heritage sites in term of landscape patterns. Taking Kalajan-Kurderen area as the study object. We firstly extracted landscape information from multiple-source remotely sensed data during the time period from 1977 to 2017, then we analyzed the dynamic changes of landscape characteristics by metrics obtained at both class and landscape scales. Our results showed that areas of coniferous forest, high-cover grassland and bare land were increased respectively by 39.94 km2, 129.18 km2 and 133.83 km2; and the areas of snow, tundra, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, medium-low cover grassland and water body were decreased respectively by 70.30 km2, 39.61 km2, 83.29 km2, 93.37 km2, 13.26 km2 and 3.12 km2. At the class scale, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests were severely disturbed by humans, and the grasslands with low and moderate cover were fragmented; at the landscape scale, there were no obvious trends for the aggregation, connectivity and fractal of landscape, and the landscape diversity maintained a stable level after a significant increase; Landscape heterogeneity showed no apparent changes. Overall, the landscape ecological condition was healthy, and the OUV of the heritage maintained stable. However, the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests needed emphatical protection. Based on the above results, the following basic conclusions have been drawn: In the past 40 years, the ice/snow, water, tundra, low-cover grassland have shifted to bare land. The spatial pattern of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests is seriously affected by human activities. After severe damage, the internal structure of the landscape changes drastically during natural restoration. In terms of landscape structure complexity: ice/snow, coniferous forests, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests, and water bodies showed a decreasing trend, while other landscapes were increased. The establishment of nature reserves and natural heritage sites has led to regularity and dimensionality of landscapes. Human protection measures can alleviate landscape deterioration to a certain extent. The degree of fragmentation of landscapes is closely related to changes of areas of landscapes; the degree of aggregation and natural connectivity are relatively stable in all landscapes except that coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests are affected by spontaneous succession. The Interspersion Juxtaposition Index indicates that the study area has the most typical and complete vertical natural zone in temperate arid regions of the world.