基于大数据的上海中心城区建成环境与城市活力关系分析

运用大众点评数据、出租车到达数据与文化设施POI数据测度城市活力的经济、社会和文化维度,在街区和街道层面分析城市活力的空间结构特征,建立计量模型分析城市建成环境对城市活力的影响关系。结果表明：①上海中心城区城市活力表现出明显的空间差异,主要表现为由中心向四周递减、浦西优于浦东的总体特征;②街区和街道尺度影响城市活力的建成环境因素存在差异;③街区尺度建成环境对城市社会、经济和文化活力的影响存在差异：提升人口密度对经济活力具有正面影响,过高的人口密度可能不利于社会和文化活力发展;增加POI密度、路网密度和POI混合度有利于城市活力的提升;建筑层数和建筑密度的增加会降低街区的社会活力和文化活力,但会提升街区的经济活力;交通可达性有利于经济活力的提升。

Relationship Between Built Environment and Urban Vitality in Shanghai Downtown Area Based on Big Data

Research on urban vitality has drawn more attention from different disciplines and perspectives such as urban geography, urban planning and urban government. Urban vitality is not only an important symbol of urban sustainable development, but also an important factor for cities to retain high-skilled talents, which could improve the competitiveness of the city. Studying urban vitality is conducive for us to re-understanding the city in a new perspective and improving urban human-oriented planning and management for the government, especially for some megacities and international cities which contain a large population. Urban vitality, consisting of economic vitality, social vitality and cultural vitality, reflects the level of urban development capacity and quality of life, which is also closely related to the citizens. In order to discover the urban vitality in Shanghai, this paper uses multi-source data, including dianping’s data which counts the number of businesses in the studying area to reflect the economic vitality, urban taxi arrival data in one week to reflect the social vitality and cultural facilities data in the studying area to reflect cultural vitality, to measure urban vitality from two scale: both block and sub-district level. Based on this comprehensive measurement, this article intends to analyze the spatial outcome characteristics of urban vitality in different blocks and sub-districts. This article also establishes a regression models for analyzing the impact mechanism of urban built environment which consists of multiple elements on urban vitality. It is found that the urban vitality of Shanghai is higher in the central area, decreasing from the central area to the surrounding area in the city. In the meanwhile, the value of urban vitality in Puxi area is higher than Pudong area, which means the daily activities and communication in Puxi area are more dynamic than these in Pudong area. Apart from differences between Puxi and Pudong areas, there are also distinctions regarding to the factors of built environments effecting the urban vitality between block level and street level. On the block level, it is found that the built environments effect significantly to different types of urban vitality and the comprehensive vitality. What’s more, for each vitality, the effect shows in different ways. Specifically, the increase of population density will influence the urban vitality by firstly in an active way then in a passive one. Especially for social and cultural vitality, the high density of population is not beneficial. For the facilities, increase of POI density and road network density presenting completeness and POI mixing degree presenting the variety of land use will promote all kinds of the vitality and comprehensive vitality. In the respect of the design, the increase of average building layers and building density will reduce the social vitality and cultural vitality, but will enhance the economic vitality and comprehensive vitality of the block at the same time. And in terms of the access to public transportation, the distance to the nearest bus station will increase the economic vitality of the block. According to the discoveries about the spatial pattern and the effecting factors of urban vitality, this article proves improving the built environment is meaningful to the development of urban.