中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰时空变化特征分析

构建人类干扰指数，从时间和空间双重角度，评估中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰变化特征。研究表明：① 总体来说，2018年中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰低于全国平均水平，1980―2018年，和全国平均水平相比，中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰增加幅度小、增长趋势慢，定量说明中国重要生态保护区域人类活动整体管控成效好；② 1980―2018年，3类重要生态保护区域（国家级自然保护区、生物多样性优先区、重点生态功能区）人类干扰指数均呈逐步增加趋势。以“胡焕庸线”为界，重要生态保护区域以西、以北人类干扰总体较小，增加相对缓慢；以东、以南人类干扰相对明显，增加也相对明显，今后对这些区域要重点加强管控；③ 国家级自然保护区人类干扰指数在5个监测年份均最低，增加趋势最平缓、增幅最小，人类活动实际管控成效最好；重点生态功能区和生物多样性优先区人类干扰相对较大，管控成效有待显现，结果反映中国对重要生态保护区域分类管控力度和梯度的差异；④ 重要生态保护区域内部人类干扰指数及增幅均低于外部未受保护区域，构建重要生态保护区域有效降低人类干扰。

Characteristics of Human Disturbance and the Spatio-temporal Changes of Important Ecological Protection Areas in China

Due to the human activities, the existing natural ecological areas are not real natural. In this article, 474 national nature reserves, 25 key ecological function zones and 32 terrestrial biodiversity conservation priority areas were selected as the research areas. By constructing human disturbance index, the characteristics of temporal and spatial dynamic changes of human disturbance in important natural ecological areas in China were evaluated. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The intensity of human activities in the important natural ecological spaces was lower than that in China in 2018, which reflected the effect of categorized and zoned governance was good. Taking the Hu Huanyong line as a dividing line, the intensity of human activities in the west and north of the important natural ecological areas was relatively small, and that in the south and east was relatively obvious; from 1980 to 2018, the human interference index of the important natural ecological spaces increased gradually. Compared with that of China, the increase rate was small. The average annual growth rate of 1990-2000 and 2010-2018 was relatively larger than that of the other period. It was due to policy regulation and economic development; 2) The human disturbance index of national nature reserves was the lowest in the five monitoring years. At the same time, its growth speed was the slowest and the growth rate was the smallest, which showed it achieved certain positive effect in managing and controlling human activities. Otherwise, that of key ecological function zones and terrestrial biodiversity conservation priority areas need to be further strengthened, which reflected gradient difference of managing and controlling human activities in important ecological protection areas. 3) Human disturbance in most of the important natural ecological areas in China has been stable and decreased, which was conducive to the protection of important ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as the maintenance of ecological service functions. However, there are still 22.15% national nature reserves, 32% key ecological function zones and 28.12% terrestrial biodiversity conservation priority areas need to be paid attention to in the future. The human interference index of the areas of returning farmland to forest and Hulunbuir grassland in Daxing'an Mountains decreased. The human interference index of the areas in Xinjiang, Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountains and other areas to the north and west of Hu Huanyong line was basically balanced, and that of the areas in northeast plain, coastal areas and Xinjiang oasis agriculture areas were rised. 4) The human disturbance index, also the increase rate in the important ecological areas were lower than those in the external unprotected area, which quantitatively reflected the importance and necessity of building important natural ecological areas in China. The farther away from the important natural ecological areas, the more obvious human interference, and the gradual reduction of human activity management and control. To a certain extent, it showed that the construction of important natural ecological areas in China had a positive spillover effect on the human activity management and control in the surrounding areas. In general, the analysis results explained the importance of the construction of important natural ecological areas in China, and clearly described the necessity of regional management and control of China’s land space classification, which can provide scientific basis for the scientific governance of natural ecological areas in China in the future.