北极黄河站生态环境考察与研究进展

北极黄河站位于北极斯瓦尔巴群岛新奥尔松地区,是生态系统对全球变化响应监测与研究的理想之地。我国自2004年建站以来,开展了系统的王湾海域生态断面和陆地植被样方的长期监测与研究,同时开展了环境污染和鸟类种群变迁等方面的考察与研究。结果表明:冰川退缩迹地上的物种更替明显,而范氏藓等可很好地反映该地区同时期的气温变化;从北极黄河站周边区域的海底沉积物、土壤、湖沉积物和冰川冰碛中分离获得了3个北极新属和21个北极新种,并发现了部分活性菌株;王湾海域微型浮游生物存在较高的生物多样性,其表层水存在潜在氮限制;微藻对温度有较好的适应性,具有通过自身调节来适应北极环境变化的能力;苔原植物对重金属具富集能力,大气传输是持久性有机污染物(POPs)污染来源的最主要途径;鸟类方面,在距今9 400年海鸟就已在该地区生活繁衍,种群数量存在明显波动并在距今7 650年左右达到最大。未来应坚持监测断面和样方的长期监测,进一步掌握生物群落的变化趋势;融合我国在该地区的大气、冰川、样方和海洋监测,开展大气-冰雪-陆地-海洋相互作用研究,聚焦科学问题并形成我国在该地区的研究特色。

The progress of ecosystem and environment studies near Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station

The Chinese Yellow River Station in Ny-Ålesund, Arctic Svalbard, is an ideal area for monitoring and studying the response of ecosystems to global change. Since its foundation in 2004, Chinese scientists have established a marine transect in Kongsfjorden and 11 terrestrial vegetation quadrats for monitoring, and projects on pollution and bird population evolution. Key research findings include: (1) species replacement is obvious in areas of glacial retreat, with mosses like Warnstorfia exannulata well reflecting variations in air temperature at the same period; (2) Bacterial strains have been isolated and 3 new genus and 21 new species have been discovered; (3) Kongsfjorden nanoplankton diversity is high, and during summer limited by surface-water nitrogen levels; (4) microalgae is highly adapted to temperature, and, by self-regulation, capable of adapting to environmental change; (5) tundra plants accumulate heavy metals, with atmospheric transmission the main pathway for persistent organic pollutant (POPs) population; and (6) since arriving in Ny-Ålesund 9 400 years ago, bird abundance has fluctuated with the maximum arriving 7 650 year ago. In the coming decades, the monitoring of marine transect and vegetaion quadrats should continue in order to know the trandency of population variations; meanwhile, combine the monitoring of atmosphere, glacier, plants and marine, carry out the study on atmosphere-ice-land-marine interation and form unique research feature.