基于大数据的文化遗产认知分析方法——以北京旧城中轴线为例

以北京旧城中轴文化遗产为例,利用2012、2015年的相关微博、报刊新闻、学术文献数据,通过提取关键词,抽取词频、tf-idf权重、互信息、后验概率等特征,从群体、时间、空间多个维度分析文化遗产的认知。在人群维度上,通过具有特征性人群的传媒信息,发现不同人群对文化遗产的认识存在异同：对于中轴文化遗产核心单元故宫、天安门、天坛的认知相对一致,而对于钟楼鼓楼、太庙、地安门的认识,官方偏向于行政管理,学者偏向于历史价值,大众则偏向于生活化。在时间维度上,提取文化遗产关注程度和认知变化。如相对于2015年,大众对故宫、天安门的关注程度相对提高,对太庙的历史价值认识更为丰富。大众相对于官方和学者对文化遗产的认知更容易发生变化,且对热点事件敏感。在空间维度上,挖掘文化遗产单元之间的认知转移和关联模式,一方面,空间上相连的天安门—正阳门—正阳门大街具有较高的双向认知;另一方面,中轴文化遗产中,故宫、天安门、天坛的后验概率较高,表现出跨空间的认知汇聚模式。基于大数据的认知分析方法,是问卷调查、文献调研、访谈分析等传统方法的重要补充方式,能够降低数据收集者的主观影响,增加分析维度和效率,有助于发现隐含的知识和模式。本文结论可为文化遗产价值挖掘、保护提供决策支持。

Analyzing perception of cultural heritage sites based on big data: A case study of Beijing Central Axis

This article analyzes perceptions concerning cultural heritage sites along the central axis of Beijing from community, temporal, and spatial perspectives by extracting keywords, word frequency, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weight, mutual information, posterior probability, and other features in microblogs, newspapers and magazines, and academic publications in 2012 and 2015. On the community dimension, through media information of characteristic groups, we found that different groups have different understanding of cultural heritage sites. The core sites of Beijing Central Axis cultural heritage, such as the Imperial Palace, Tiananmen, and Temple of Heaven are perceived relatively consistently by different communities. But the perceptions of the Bell and Drum Towers, Imperial Ancestral Temple, and Di'anmen are varied: officials are concerned with their administrative aspects, scholars are concerned with their historical values, and the public are concerned with their leisure and entertainment qualities. On the temporal dimension, changes of level of attention and perception on these cultural heritage sites are also observed. In 2015, the public paid more attention to the Forbidden City, Tiananmen, the Temple of Heaven, and the Imperial Ancestral Temple for their historical values as compared to 2012. Public perception, compared with that of officials and scholars, is more likely to change and more sensitive to significant events. On the spatial dimension, this research has examined the transfer of perception and correlation between cultural heritage sites. First, Tiananmen, Zhengyang Gate, and Zhengyang Avenue, which are connected in space, show higher two-way perceptions. Second, the posterior probability of the Imperial Palace, Tiananmen, and the Temple of Heaven is higher among the central axis cultural heritage sites, showing a cross space perception convergence model. Thus the analytical framework for perception of cultural heritage based on big data is an important supplement for traditional methods such as questionnaires, literature research, and interview analysis, as it increases the dimension and efficiency of analysis and aids to discover hidden knowledge and patterns. The conclusion of this study can provide important support for policy making in the rediscovery and protection of cultural heritage values.