基于POI数据的巨型城市消防站空间优化——以北京市五环内区域为例

消防站的空间布局事关城市发展与城市安全。本文以北京市五环内中心城区为研究区,使用44.34万条POI数据和道路网等相关数据,考虑易燃易爆、人群脆弱等不同特征的火灾风险因子,采用核密度分析、SAVEE模型等方法,识别出研究区内的火灾风险空间分布,进一步借助“位置—分配”模型和网络分析,并结合优化目标对研究区内消防站进行空间优化。主要研究结论为：①按照火灾风险从高到低排序,前10%的火灾风险区域主要集中在CBD—三里屯、北京古玩城—双井、王府井、南锣鼓巷—雍和宫等区域。②现有消防站对全部44.34万个POI请求点5分钟响应时间内的覆盖率为96.46%,总体覆盖效果较好,但在研究区西北和西南部的世纪城—闵庄一带覆盖不足。③综合考虑高火灾风险区、重要火灾风险因子、POI总体覆盖率和个体消防站覆盖面积相关标准等因素,经多次迭加运算分析得到最终需新增15个消防站点。优化后的各指标均有较大提升,可满足研究区的消防需求。

Spatial optimization of mega-city fire station distribution based on Point of Interest data: A case study within the 5th Ring Road in Beijing

Sound spatial distribution of fire stations is important for urban development and for ensuring urban safety. Based on kernel density analysis and the SAVEE model, and taking into account different types of point of interest (POI) such as flammable and explosive and crowd fragility fire risk factors, 443410 POIs and road network were used to identify the fire risk zones in the downtown area of Beijing. Using the location-allocation fire station spatial optimization model, this study proposed adjustment plans. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) According to the fire risk ranking result, the top 10% fire risk areas are mainly concentrated in the CBD area Sanlitun, Beijing Antique Market Shuangjing, Wangfujing, and Nanluoguxiang-Yonghegong, among others. (2) The coverage rate (within 5 minute response) of the existing fire stations reached 96.46% for all 443,410 POIs, and the overall coverage was good, while some fire risk factors were covered with insufficient response in the northwestern and southwestern parts of the study area (Century City-Minzhuang area), and some fire station coverage area was too large. (3) Considering high fire risk areas, important fire risk factors, POI overall coverage rate, and individual fire station coverage area standards, the analysis by multiple iterations results in the final need of adding 15 new fire stations. With these additions, every performance indicator can be significantly improved and the demand of fire protection in the study area can be fully met.