黑土形成与演化研究现状

分布于全球中高纬度的黑土因性状好、肥力高，对全球农业生产起着重要作用。自19世纪以来，世界黑土形成与演化研究蓬勃发展，然而不同地区黑土的定义、特征、分类和研究程度不尽相同，这在一定程度上制约了黑土生产力影响因素的研究，有碍于黑土资源的可持续利用。本文系统整理了全球黑土研究，分析了黑土的定义、特征、分类、形成与演化特点，探讨了黑土形成与演化的科学研究方法及发展趋势。广义的黑土主要包括黑土、黑钙土、草甸土、白浆土、暗棕壤、棕壤等，其形成主要由气候、地形地貌、植被、成土母质和水文五大自然因素控制，各种因素使黑土在性质上发生分异，形成不同的黑土类型，土壤性质呈现出一定差异和规律特征；目前学者们利用地球化学分析、孢粉分析、粒度分析等实验方法对黑土形成环境进行反演模拟，利用模型构建、光谱分析、地理信息技术图像解译及联网动态监测等先进科学手段对黑土退化进行模型预测，为保护黑土地提供坚实理论基础。

Formation and Evolution of Black Soil

Black soil in middle and high latitudes is an important "stabilizer" for global agricultural production due to its high fertility and other good properties. The study of the formation and evolution of black soil in the world has flourished since the 19th century. However, the definition, characteristics, classification and research degree of black soil in different areas are different, which restricts the research of the influencing factors of black soil productivity and hinders the sustainable utilization of black soil resources to a certain extent. In this paper, the global black soil researches were systematically sorted out, the definition, characteristics, classification, and formation and evolution of black soil were analyzed, and the scientific research methods and development trend of black soil formation and evolution were discussed. Broad sense black soil includes mainly black soil and chernozem, meadow soil, albic soil, dark brown soil, and brown soil, etc. Its formation is mainly controlled by five natural factors:climate, topography, vegetation, soil parent material, and hydrology. The factors make the black soil different in nature and forming types, and the soil properties show certain different characteristics. The experiments such as spherical chemical analysis, sporopollen analysis, and particle size analysis are used to simulate the formation environment of black soil. Advanced scientific methods, such as model construction, spectral analysis, geographic information technology, image interpretation, and dynamic monitoring are used to predict the degradation of black soil, and the results provide a solid theoretical basis for the protection of black land.