嵩山中更新世末至晚更新世早期的环境与文化

近年在嵩山地区黄土层中发现300多处旧石器地点,多半出产在中更新世末至晚更新世早期的地层中,可与深海氧同素第5阶段后期对比。这表明约70kaB.P.前末次间冰期嵩山旧石器文化发达,为新石器时代至夏商华夏文化的核心——嵩山文化圈的形成和发展提供了重要的文化基础。末次间冰期后期的环境变化,对古人类和生物界产生了重大影响。

ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE DURING THE LATEST MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY LATE PLEISTOCENE IN THE MOUNTAIN SONG REGION, HENAN PROVINCE

The Mountain Song (Songshan) is located in Henan Province, Central China, which is also named the Middle Yue ("Yue", the Chinese character of "high mountain") among the most famous five high mountains in China (other four are named East Yue, South Yue, West Yue, and North Yue respectively). In history water from the Mountain Song had supplied the Huanghe River, the Huai River, and the Ji River, three of the most four famous rivers in Chinese history, with the other the Changjiang River. The Mountain Song region is of 7350km², separated into 9 counties and/or cities. The landform of this region is mainly mountains, loess hills, and rivers. The Neolithic cultures in the region were highly developed. The Peiligang Culture of 9000~7000aB.P. in this region was one of the most advanced early agricultural cultures of China. This region was also the center area of the Yangshao Culture of 7000~5000aB.P. , the Xishan Site of this culture at Zhengzhou is the remnant of an ancient city, built before 5000 years ago. It is one of the two earliest city sites found in China. The Longshan Culture of 5000~4000aB.P. also thrived in this region. Several city remnants have been discovered among which the Guchengzhai (ancient city village) Site is the most well preserved ancient city remains of the Longshan stage of China. For most of the time during the earliest Chinese dynasties, the Xia and the Shang, this region had been the capital region of China. The densely distributed ancient cultural sites of the period from Neolithic to Xia and Shang discovered around the Mountain Song constituted an ancient cultural site circle area, named the Mountain Song Ancient Cultural Circle. This cultural circle played the core and foundational role in the origin and development of Chinese civilization.In recent years over 300 Late Paleolithic sites were discovered in the Mountain Song region. Landforms, strata and remains of several sites including the Fangjiagou Site, the Hemaicun Site, the Chenyao Site, and the Honggou Site were intensively studied. In all sites stone tools, which are mainly flakes, engraving tools, stone cores and some other stone implements were found. Many ivories and elephant molars have been discovered from some sites, for example the Honggou Site and the Fangjiagou Site were found. The cultural layers of most sites lies above the first paleosol (S₁) and below the Malan Loess, implying that the time of the sites are from the end of Middle Pleistocene to early Late Pleistocene, and can be correlated temporally with the late period of the MIS (marine isotope stage) 5. The stratigraphic profiles show that there were three erosions and two aggradations occurred since the end of Middle Pleistocene. The first erosion occurred during the early Late Pleistocene and the second and the third erosions occurred during the Early and the Late Holocene respectively. The two aggradations occurred during middle to late Late Pleistocene (Malan Loess) and in the Holocene (loess or loessic sediments) respectively. The Late Quaternary geomorphic evolution approximately had kept step with the climate changes and the environmental changes had notably affected the ancient human activities. The highly developed Paleolithic culture during the late of the last interglacial stage before about 70kaB.P. had been the important foundation for the origin and development of the Mountain Song Ancient Culture Circle.