榆林地区全新世聚落时空变化与人地关系

在对榆林地区仰韶时期至西周聚落遗址时空分布及考古资料分析的基础上，探讨了区内聚落分布同环境变化的关系。研究表明，本区全新世气候具有较大幅度的变化历史，与其相应的人类活动同样具有强烈的兴衰变化特点，表明气候变化对人类活动产生了重要影响。但在5～4kaB.P.前后，在气温和降水有所降低的背景下，人类文化却得到进一步发展，进入鼎盛时期，说明除了当时的环境仍较为适宜外，社会发展自身规律对人类文化发展也有重要影响。研究表明，本区全新世人类文化发展可以划分为3个阶段: 自仰韶文化半坡类型时期开始，榆林地区的气候处于全新世鼎盛期，吸引南来移民在此定居，6.5～4.5kaB.P.的约2000年间形成的遗址有127处；  龙山前期气候较为适宜，4kaB.P.后气候转向干凉，但由于环境条件仍然较为适宜和人类社会自身发展规律的影响，在 4.5～3.7kaB.P.仅800年的时间形成的遗址多达740处，分布范围有所扩大；  商代和西周时期，由于气候的进一步干凉化，对人类文化发展产生了严重的负面影响，使得该时期遗址数量大幅减少至77处，表明当时人口的显著减少和社会繁荣程度的明显退步，且畜牧业在经济中的比重有所增加。

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE YANGSHAO AGE TO WEST ZHOU DYNASTY'S SETTLEMENT SITES IN THE YULIN AREA AND HUMAN-EARTH RELATIONSHIPS

Based on the archaeological analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of the Yangshao Age to Western Zhou Dynasty's settlement sites in the Yulin area,Shaanxi Province,this paper approaches relationships between the settlement distribution and the environmental change. In this area the Holocene climate showed a significant fluctuation,which was evidently reflected in the prosperity and decline of human activity. However,when temperature and precipitation decreased around 5～4kaB.P. ,human culture developed and prospered greatly,showing that besides a suitable environment,the social development law itself is important for the prosperity of human culture. The Holocene human culture development in the area can be divided into three phases: 6.5～4.5kaB.P. ,4.5～3.7kaB.P. ,and the Shang to the West Zhou period. From the beginning of the Yangshao culture's Banpo Type Age,the climate was better in about 2000 years of 6.5～4.5kaB.P. ,and a lot of people from the south were attracted to settle down. Therefore,127 settlement sites have been discovered. In about 800 years of 4.5～3.7kaB.P. ,especially after 4kaB.P. ,the climate became dry and cold,although in the early of the Long Shan culture,the climate was better. But because of increase of human living ability,as many as 740 settlement sites have been discovered. During the Shang to the West Zhou period the climate became drier and colder,resulting in decrease of population and development of husbandry. Therefore,only 77 settlement sites have been discovered.