亚热带稻作区表土孢粉研究及其考古学应用

研究地点位于广东、湖南和湖北三省的华南双季稻分布区，纬度跨度为 22.84°～32.51°N之间。沿纬度每 30～50km间距取样，一共为26个样点，每个样点包含 3～5个样品（稻田内、稻田外和附近地表或次生林表土样）。本研究采用了孢粉分析方法，在镜下共鉴定77种孢粉类型。研究结果表明，该区稻田耕土表层的禾本科花粉含量为36％～88％，其中水稻型花粉含量为30％～84％，平均含量为57.41％。而稻田外旱地样品禾本科总量降至26％～77％之间，而水稻型花粉平均值降低至38.52％。稻田内外样品和尘土花粉结果的对比分析表明，在人类强烈干扰的双季稻耕作区，禾本科含量达到36％以上时，很可能表明与稻作农业发展有关。上述表土孢粉结果为地层孢粉分析寻找农业和人类活动的证据提供了新的数据。
番禺万顷沙钻孔孢粉研究表明，禾本科花粉在历史上出现一个快速增加的突变(从约10％增加至50％)，反映了珠江三角洲稻作农业的迅速发展开始于秦朝，可能与当地人口快速增加和中原地区农耕技术的引入有关。而香港壕涌西区考古遗址地层的孢粉分析揭示出该地点的土地利用是从明清才开始作为耕地使用，而更早的唐宋时期并非原地种植水稻。

SURFACE POLLEN ANALYSIS IN SUBTROPICAL DOUBLE-CROPPING RICE AREAS AND ITS ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATION

The studied places are located in Guangdong,Hunan and Hubei Provinces of South Eastern China,covering the latitudes of 22.84°N to 32.51°N where the agriculture is mainly planting of double-crop rice. The samples were collected in interval of 30～50km. along latitude. We collected 26 samples,each consisting of three sub-samples(inside and outside the rice field,and neighboring forest). The corresponding 26 sample sites have been palynologically studied. By the traditional pollen analysis,we identified 77 pollen types. The total content of Poaceae pollen in the rice field is 36% ～88% ,and the content of Oryza-type pollen is 30% ～84% ,averaging 57.41%. The total content of Poaceae pollen in the dry field outside the rice field is 26% ～77% ,and the average content of Oryza-type pollen is 38.52% . The comparison of pollen contents inside and outside the rice field and in the dust indicates that the Poaceae pollen content of 36% or higher is much likely related to rice cultivation development,even if human activities have strong impacts on the double-crop paddy areas. The conclusion provides new evidence for studying human activities and agriculture in prehistoric sites. The Poaceae pollen content in borehole cores in Wanqingsha of Panyu had a sharp increase during the Holocene,from ca.10% to 50% ,implying that a rapid development of rice cultivation in the Zhujiang Delta area began with the Qin Dynasty. On the other hand,pollens in Sai Kung archaeological profile suggest that rice cultivation began until Ming and Qing Dynasties.