克里雅河绿洲的形成与演变

从８０００年前到现代，克里雅河流域孕育了原始绿洲、古绿洲、旧绿洲和新绿洲。旧绿洲是古绿洲的延续和发展，新绿洲是旧绿洲的扩大和外延。河流的自然改道，气候干旱和社会的长期动荡(战争)是促使河流下游古绿洲消亡的主要原因。在今后一段时期内，克里雅河上游地区的绿洲发展仍将是较缓慢的；中游地区的绿洲将进一步得到巩固和发展；下游地区的绿洲将向着退化的方向发展。

THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF OASIS IN THE KERIYA RIVER VALLEY

Abstract:With the total length of 860km that includes 189km of source course, the Kashitashi River, and 90km of the lowest course mainly buried by drift sand, the KenyaRiver system originates from the northern range of the Kunlun Mountains and runsfrom south to north. In the historical period, the Kenya River flowed through-tothe Tavim River. From 8 000 years ago to the present, the Kenya River valley hasbeen pregnant with initial oasis, ancient oasis, old oasis and new oasis.The initial oasis is one formed in the prehistoric age that human used the resources of natural oasis Initially in form of hunting, fishing, etc., and there was notany artificial transformation to natural oasis. The initial oasis are mainly distributed in the mountain areas of the upper reaches of Kenya River, such as the Kangsulake Traces of Mesolithic age, the Ashikule Stone Implement Site, and the Xiaopulu Stone Implement Ruins.The ancient oasis is one formed in the time from the Xi Han Dynasty to theearly and middle Qing Dynasty that human not only used but also transformed natural oasis to farming, forestry, animal husbandry, etc., which are distributed in themiddle and lower reaches of the Kenya River, such as the Rums of BaishituogelakeAncient City, the Ruins of Aderang Ancient City, the Ruins of Kozinake Temple,the Kaladun Ruins, and so on.The old oasis is one formed in the period from 1884 when the Qinggovernment formally established the Xinjiang Province to 1949 when the People's Republic of China was established that the people opened and built up artificial oasesin the Kenya River Valley to farming, forestry, animal husbandry. The old oasisare mainly distributed at the upper sections of alluvial fan and alluvial plain, suchas the Jayi Oasis, the Daximan Oasis, the Takedaximan Oasis, the SikaidaximanOasis, the Aledaximan Oasis, the Keduozi Oasis, the Kalatulun Oasis, the Kekemaiti Oasis, the Maigaiti Oasis, the Xiwule Oasis, and so on. With the Yutian County as the center, they are the continuance and development of the ancient oasis.Yet, the old oasis, such as tile pulu oasis and the Daliyaboyi oasis, are also distributed on the mountain valley terraces in the upper reaches of river and the new drydeltas at the lower reach tail of the Kenya River.The new oasis is one formed after lP49 when the People's Republic of Chinawas established. Tehy are generally distibuted on the periphery and fringe of oldoasis, which being situated on the outside alluvial fans and the middle and lower sections of alluvial plain, such as the Yingbage Village, the Siyieke Village, the northern Baishituogelake, the Langanbuziya Oasis, the Aerkamaidan area, and so on.The new oasis are the expansion and extension of the old oasis.In recent 3 000 years, the evolution of desert oasis environment at the lower reaches of the Kenya River went through four stages: 1. The stage that there wereriver courses with runoff and lakes that mainly were Ox-Bow lakes, 2. The stagethat water amount of old rivers and lakes were reduced and dried up gradually caused by the process of river diversion; 3. The stage that deflation and wind-accumulation became stronger and replaced running water action. 4. the stage that the environment was desertified very severely.In the historical period (before the middle of the Qing Dynasty), natural diversions of river, arid climate and a long term of social upheaval (such as war) arethe main causes of the ancient oasis disappearance at the low reach of the KenyaRiver. Desertification is inevitable outcome of abandoning ancient oasis.The Pulu Oasis in mountain valley at the upper reach of the Kenya River willstill develop relatively slowly in the future of considerably long period; the YutianCounty and its nearby old and new oasis at the middle reach of the Kenya Riverwill obtain further consolidation and development; otherwise, the Daliyaboyi Oasisat the lower reach of the Kenya River will show the process of degradation