太平洋中国开辟区锰结核生物成因研究

本文对叠层石（微小叠层石与奇异叠层石）及其建造者（中华微放线菌与太平洋螺球孢菌）在结核中显示的规律性特征，叠层石纹层与超微生物生长，主要锰矿物及Fe、Mn元素与叠层石类型之间关系以及超微生物直接成矿等作了深入研究。结果表明：锰结核中叠层石柱体一般都显示出纹层、纹层组与纹层带3个级别的生长韵律，明层菌丝体密集，暗层菌丝体稀疏；两种叠层石类型与超微生物化石种存在着良好的对应关系；主要锰矿物含量变化与叠层石类型密切相关；叠层石柱体内Fe、Mn元素分布比柱间空隙具有明显的规律性，而全球性大气化程度比生殖菌丝强；超微生物的生化作用与沉积粘附作用直接造成了结核中Fe、Mn元素的富集，而全球性大气修与洋底微环境的周期性变化，影响了微生物生长的兴衰,导致了明暗相间纹层的交替出现。我们认为，叠层石纹层显示的韵律性特征，是胶体化学作用与沉积作用难以形成的，只有微生物群体的世代繁衍，才能构筑成几乎固定不变的叠层石柱体形态。上述研究成果，进一步确立了大洋锰结核的生物成因观点。

Biogenesis Study of Manganese Nodules from the Chinese Pioneer Area in the Pacific Ocean

The genesis of manganese nodules in the ocean is a major subject attracting great interest from the scientific society. In more than one century, the understanding of their genesis has gone through the process from the knowledge of "colloid chemical action" in the early stage to the later understanding that microorganisms have important influence on the nodule formation. From 1991 to 1995, the authors had proposed the idea that ultra-microorganisms be the constructor of polymetallic nodules, which is different in essence from the traditional ideas. On that basis the authors have conducted an intensive study of the regular features shown by stromatolites (Minima and Admirabilis) and their constructors (Miniactinomyces chinesis and Spirisosphaerospora pacifica) , laminae of stromatolites and the growth of ultramicroorganisms, the relationships between the types of stromatolite and the main manganese minerals and elemental Fe and Mn, and direct mineralization of ultramicroorganisms. The results indicate the following: the stromatolite columns in the manganese nodule usually have three growth rhythms, i. e. laminae, laminaset and lamina belt; hyphae are dense in the bright lamina while they are sparse in the dark lamina; good corresponding relation exists between two types of stromatolite and ultramicroorganism fossil species; the variation in content of main manganese minerals is closely related to the types of stromatolite; Fe and Mn are distributed more regularly inside the stromatolite columns than in the interstices between them; the mineralization degree of nutrient hyphae is higher than that of reproductive hyphae ; the enrichment of Fe and Mn in the nodule directly resulted from the biochemical action of ultrmicroor-ganisms and the adherent action of sediments; and the periodic change of the global macroclimate and the mi-croenvironment of the ocean floor has influenced the flourishing and declining of microorganisms-all these resulted in the alternate appearance of bright and dark laminae. The authors believe that the rhythmic features shown by the laminae of stromatolites are hard to result from any colloid chemical action or sedimentary action, and that only the reproduction of microorganisms for generations can produce the almost unchanged pattern of the stromatolite columns. The above results further support the view of biogenesis of manganese nodules.