大火成岩省的成矿效应

大火成岩省（LIPs）是地质历史上重大的地质事件，巨量的岩浆堆积形成了丰富的矿产资源。按照成矿作用与LIPs事件的关系，将其划分为两种类型：① 成矿作用与LIPs事件直接相关，两者时间一致或者成矿作用稍晚，该类型矿床可以作为LIPs的组成部分；② 成矿作用与LIPs事件在时间上有明显的间断，但与LIPs有间接的成因联系。与LIPs直接相关的成矿作用包括两种类型，一是LIPs岩浆作用形成的岩浆矿床；二是与LIPs有关的热液矿床。岩浆矿床指的是在岩浆形成和演化过程中金属元素富集形成的矿床，元素富集主要与分离结晶作用或/和不混溶过程有关，包括：① 与镁铁 超镁铁质岩体有关的氧化物矿床和铜镍硫化物（±PGE）矿床，其中前者包括铬铁矿床和V Ti Fe矿床，后者包括与大型镁铁 超镁铁质岩体有关的PGE矿床以及与小型岩体有关的铜镍硫化物（±PGE）矿床；② 与超基性熔岩有关的镍矿，包括与太古宙科马提岩有关的镍矿和与岩浆管道系统上覆的铁质苦橄岩有关的镍矿；③ 与碳酸岩有关的REE Nb P等矿床；④ 与金伯利岩（有时为钾镁煌斑岩和方解霞黄煌岩）有关的金刚石矿床（金刚石只是岩浆上升过程中捕获的捕虏晶）。与LIPs事件直接相关的热液矿床指的是LIPs形成过程中与岩浆作用和变质作用有关的热液矿床，所以该类矿床又进而可分为两个亚类：① 与岩浆期后热液作用有关的矿床，主要是与中酸性岩浆有关的矿床，如铁氧化物 铜 金(IOCG)矿床、斑岩矿床和浅成低温热液型矿床等；② 与变质作用有关的热液矿床，该类型主要是产在太古宙花岗 绿岩带内的脉状金矿床。与LIPs间接相关的矿床并非形成于LIPs时期，但是LIPs可能为成矿作用提供了巨量的成矿物质来源以及有利于成矿的环境和沉淀场所，包括：① 风化壳型，主要形成于热带地区，矿床类型与源岩性质密切相关，常见的有铝土矿、Ni （Co）、Nb Ta REE矿床、Nb P矿床等；② 热液改造型，LIPs阶段已初步富集金属元素的岩石在后期的热液作用下进一步富集成矿，包括玄武岩中的自然铜矿和卡林型金矿；③ 条带状铁建造（BIF）和锰矿，前寒武纪LIPs巨量的海底火山作用为BIF和锰矿的形成提供了物质基础；④ 与裂谷有关的以沉积岩为容矿围岩的层状矿床；⑤ 油气矿床。总之，LIPs为金属和能源矿床的形成提供了有利的成矿条件，并且随着研究的深入，有越来越多的矿床被证明与LIPs有着直接和间接的联系。最后，本文还指出了大火成岩省成矿研究中有待解决的几个重要问题。

Mineralization related to Large Igneous Provinces

Formation of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) are important events during geological history, with a huge amount of magma accumulation and endowment of abundant mineral resources. According to their relationship with LIPs, mineralization can be divided into two main types: 1) those which are both temporally and genetictally related to LIPs. The mineral deposits can be considered to be a part of LIPs; 2) those that have indirect genetic link to LIPs with an obvious temporal gap. The former type contains both magmatic and hydrothermal deposits associated with LIPs. The magmatic deposits were predominantly formed by fractional crystallization and/or liquid immiscibility which facilitates concentration of metals during the formation and differentiation of magmas, and consist of (1) V Ti Fe oxide and Cu Ni ( PGE) deposits hosted in large and small mafic ultramafic intrusions, respectively; (2) Ni deposits associated with ultramafic lavas, including Archean komatiitic lavas, and ferropicritic lavas outcrop at the top of magma plumbing system; (3) REE Nb P deposits associated with carbonatites; (4) Diamond deposits (xenocrysts entrapped en route to surface) associated with kimberlite (lamporite or aillikite in some cases). The hydrothermal deposits were formed by magmatism and metamorphism during the formation of LIPs, which can be further divided into two sub types: 1) post magmatic type which are related to intermediate acid magmas, e.g., IOCG, porphyry and epithermal deposits; 2) metamorphic type, mainly includes lode gold deposits hosted in Archean granites and greenstones. Mineralization which have indirect genetic link to LIPs were formed apparently later than that of LIPs. However, the LIPs still could provide tremendous metals, favourable environment and space for precipitation. These deposits include (1) weathering crust type, which were predominantly formed in tropical area, and are strongly related to protolith, including bauxite, Ni (Co), Nb Ta REE and Nb P deposits; (2) hydrothermal modification type. Metals enriched in the primary rocks formed during LIPs will be further concentrated by hydrothermal processes. These deposits are composed of natural Cu deposits in basalts and Calin type gold deposits; (3) banded iron formation (BIF) and manganese deposits. The metals are mainly sourced from the large scale Precambrian submarine volcanism related to the formation LIPs; (4) bedded deposits hosted by sedimentary rocks related to rift; (5) oil and gas deposits. In summary, LIPs could provide favourable environment for both metal and energy deposits. Moreover, as the research further develops, more and more deposits are recognized to be both directly and indirectly related to LIPs. At the end of the paper, we also highlight several unresolved key problems.