海底硫化物黑烟囱典型结构构造及其成因意义

在已发现的现代海底黑烟囱中基本都发育分带性构造、通道构造、胶状构造、多孔和填充构造、交代构造、枝状构造等，这些构造为硫化物烟囱的典型构造，它们记录了硫化物烟囱的形成过程和每个阶段的特征，是鉴别硫化物烟囱构造的重要特征。不同类型烟囱的形成除了与其围岩相关外，也与烟囱演化的成熟度相关。弥散式喷射作用(diffuser)是与烟囱构造相似的常在丘体中发育的另一重要构造，与烟囱构造不同的是弥散式喷射缺乏象烟囱那样的轴向中央通道，热液与海水的混合有严格的范围。烟囱与弥散式喷射作用是丘体上部形成的主要机制。在现代陆上保存的地史时期的块状硫化物矿床中，陆续找到了遗留下来的烟囱构造或烟囱残片(如乌拉尔、皮尔巴拉、爱尔兰、高板河等)，为块状硫化物矿床的黑烟囱形成机制提供了直接的证据。

The Representative Textures and Structures of the Seafloor Sulfide Black Smokers and Their Genetic Significance

Zoning, conduit, colloform, dendritic, metasomatic, porous and infilling textures and structures are representative for the seafloor sulfide chimneys. They record the forming process and evolution history of the seafloor chimneys. The formation of different chimneys is related not only to their locations, but also to their maturities. The diffuser is another important structure in the lower sulfide mound. Diffuser is the dominant mechanism of hydrothermal advection in the mound after extinction and collapse of the black smokers. Some relicts of the sulfide black smokers have been found in the continent (i.e. in Pilbala, South Ural, Ireland, Gaobanhe etc.). It is shown that the massive sulfide deposits in continent might be formed by the black smoker models as on modern seafloor.