地质名山馒头山及其附近早寒武世古地震沉积事件研究

蜚声中外的地质名山馒头山处在济南南部山区。通过野外调查和室内研究,从馒头山及其附近的青杨村东山、红叶谷、滚球山等地的下寒武统中,鉴别出了许多地震引起的同沉积变形构造（震积岩）,主要有卷曲变形（震褶岩）、粒序微断层、滑移构造、滑塌褶曲、负载构造、枕状体、混插沉积、软硅质脉、软硅质层底辟构造、硅藻叠层石变形、沉陷构造、触变楔、布丁、震裂缝、震裂角砾岩及震碎角砾岩等。本文较详细地阐述了它们的特征和形成机理。触变楔属国内首次发现。触变楔和沉陷构造发育在夹软硅质层的白云岩中,其原始沉积物是含软硅质层的白云质灰泥。受强震触动,因软硅质沉积物(SiO2·nH2O)的粘度变小,软硅质层的粘度变小而变得更软,灰泥同时发生液化;在竖向震动力作用下,软硅质层被断开、继而沉陷形成了沉陷构造;沉陷构造向下延伸,结果使断开的硅质层汇聚,形成了触变楔。根据早寒武世古构造板块与地震带的分布,认为这些地震沉积遗迹是早寒武世板内地震记录,推测由古郯庐带的构造活动的响应。这些古地震事件记录的发现,丰富了济南南部山区、尤其是馒头山的地质科学内涵。 

Paleoseismic Depositional Events of the Famous Geological Mountain-Mantoushan and Its Vicinity in the Early Cambrian

The well known geological mountain Mantoushan is located in the mountain area of southern Jinan city. The standard (stratotype) profile from the Longwangmiao Stage to the Zhangxia Stage of the Lower middle Cambrian of the North China is established here. Here, geological traces are so rich and research history is so long that Mantoushan mount is famous at home and abroad. The Jinan area lies in the west side of  the Tanlu fault and seismic zone. During the early Cambrian, a set of terrigenous clastic sediments consisted of sand and mud intercalated with carbonate were deposited in the western Shandong region including Jinan city where was littoral, sabkha and epicontinental sea, which stratigraphic sequence, from bottom to top, was the Liguan Formation (∈₁l), the Zhushadong Formation((∈₁l) and the Mantou Formation(∈_1-2m). 
 By means of field observation and lab exammination, various syn sedimentary deformation structures caused by earthquakes, namely seismites, were identified in the Lower Cambrian of Mantoushan mount, eastern hill to the Qingyang village, Hongyegu valley and Gunqiushan mount, and so on. The syn sedimentary deformation structures discovered by the study include convolute deformation (seismic fold), graded micro fault, gliding structure, slump fold, load structure, pillow mass, mixed insertion sediment, soft siliceous vein, diapir structures of soft siliceous layers, deformation of diatoms stramatolitic, settlement structure, thixotropic wedge, boudinage, seismic crack or fissure, shattered breccia and seismic breccia, and so on. Most of them belong to plastic deformation structures of soft sediments, but shattered breccia, seismic breccia and seismic crack or fissure are brittle deformation structures of semi consolidated to un completely consolidated sediments. Their characteristics and formation mechanism are detailed in this paper. 
 The thixotropic wedge has been reported firstly in China. Some thixotropic wedge and settlement structures developed in dolomite with siliceous layers, and their original sediment was dolomitic lime mud with soft siliceous layers. By triggering of strong earthquake, soft siliceous layers became more soft because viscosity of siliceous sediment (SiO₂·nH₂O) get diminished, meanwhile dolomitic lime mud was liquefied.   Under vertical shock force, soft siliceous layers were cut off, and subsequently sinkage of disconnected siliceous layers formed settlement structure, which extended down so that disconnected siliceous layers converged to result in the formation of thixotropic wedge. 
 Differences of thixotropic wedge, seismic crack and filling structure of seismic crack are as follows: (1) Thixotropic wedge are one of plastic deformations which are formed for viscosity of soft non liquefied sediments is diminished and their rheological property is enhanced (thixotropy) by earthquake triggering. With settlement structure  going on to deep, thixotropic wedge was formed. Formations of wedge body and it's host rock are synchronous; (2) Seismic crack is a tensile fissure of the "V" shape,which belongs to brittle deformation of semi consolidated or incompletely consolidated sediment formed by the earthquake action; (3)The filling structure of seismic crack is usually wedge yet, but its filling is soft sediment or brittle seismic breccia. In general, the formation process of wedge body is out of synch with that of the crack. 
 On the basis of the distribution of palaeo tectonic plates and seismic zones in the early Cambrian, it is considered that these seismic sedimentary traces are records of the intra plate ancient earthquakes during the early Cambrian, and it is can be deduced that they are response to tectonic activities of the Paleo Tanlu fault zone. The discovery of paleoseismic event records and the interpretation of this paper enrich the geological sciences connotation of the southern Jinan area, especially the Mantoushan mount. 