高原地区农作物水热指标与特点的研究进展

通过对作物农业气象条件鉴定、作物农业气象试验研究、作物生态气候适应性分析和作物农业气候区划以及农业气象灾害调查记载对比评估分析等手段,整理和总结了髙原地区7种粮食作物、6种经济作物、6种特色作物、7种瓜果作物和4种中药材等共计30种农作物水热指标以及冬小麦和春小麦土壤水分指标.高原地区作物水热指标具有4个明显特点,釆用不同积温界限值来确定不同作物属性热量指标,喜凉、中性、喜温和喜热作物分別釆用≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃和≥15℃积温界限值作热量指标.不同温度带作物适宜的热量指标差异明显,有随温度带愈冷凉作物热量指标呈偏低的趋势.不同水分气候区作物水分指标差异较大,有随湿润度增加作物水分指标呈递减的趋势.作物水热指标随气候变化而发生缓慢变化,气候变暖使作物全生长期延长,对同一熟性品种而言,需要热量指标比变暖前有提高趋势;气候变干使作物水分指标有增加趋势.农作物水热指标是衡量作物适生种植的重要标准,是引种、作物布局、栽培管理、髙产优质安全生产的重要科学依据,是气象为农业服务必不可少的基础资料,也是服务工作的前提.

A Review of Studies on Water and Heat Index and Characteristics of Crops in Plateau Regions

Based on date of agrometeorological condition test,experiment,ecoclimate suitability and record of agrometeorological disasters,the water and heat indexes of 30 species plants are determined,including seven species of crops,seven species of cash crops,six species of specialty crops,seven species of melon and fruit crops and four species of Chinese medicinal crop.The soil moisture indexes of spring and winter wheat are also determined.There are four pronounced characteristics in these indexes.Crops of preferring cool,neutral,thermophilic and preferring warm can be discriminated by cumulative temperature of ≥0 ℃,≥5 ℃,≥10 ℃ and ≥15 ℃,respectively.There is a distinct difference of suitable heat index between different temperature zones,with a tendency of the heat index decreasing from high temperature zone to low temperature one.The water and heat index of crops is varying slowly with climate change.The growth period extends with climate warming.The heat needed increases as compared with that before for crops of same property.The water requirement of crops increases with climate drying.The indexes of water and heat are very important criterion for measuring crop planting suitability and scientific basis for introduction breeding,planning crop pattern,cultivation management and increasing yield.These indexes are important for servicing agriculture.These indexes are also very useful for scientific researches and education.