三门峡虢国墓地M2011太子墓出土玉器玉质研究

虢国墓地位于河南省三门峡市区上村岭，于1956年被发现，经历过20世纪50年代和90年代两次大规模发掘，共发掘墓葬250多座，出土了33000余件（套）珍贵文物。本研究对象是出自M2011太子墓的380余件精美玉（石）器。采用宝玉石学和岩石学的研究思路和无损鉴定方法对M2011（太子墓）出土玉（石）器的玉质进行了详细的研究，结果表明肉眼观察颜色和不同程度受沁的26件出土玉（石）器中23件为软玉，3件为细砂岩。严重受沁会影响出土玉（石）器的材质鉴别，用强透射光观察受沁玉器玉质，部分能够看到沁色的深度，反映出本来的颜色和质地。大型仪器测试可以很好的反映出土玉器的材质与结构特征及成分的变化，弥补了肉眼观察的局限。本研究丰富了三门峡虢国博物馆出土文物的研究内容，提高了出土玉器研究的科技含量，有助于出土玉器的分类命名以及文物等级的确定。

Jade Composition of Archaic Jade Artifacts from Tomb M201I of the Guo State in Sanmenxia,Henan Province

The graveyard of the Guo State is located on a mesa at Shangcunling of Sanmenxia, a city in the west of Henan Province. After two large-scale excavations in 1950s and 1990s, more than 250 tombs and 33 000 pieces （sets） of precious cultural relics were excavated. Es- pecially, over 5 900 pieces （sets） of jade and other precious stone artifacts with overall varie- ty, fine quality, exquisite manufacture as well as their great cultural and artistic value, re- flect characteristics of jade from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Au- tumn Period. At present, these well-preserved tombs of the Guo State, where plenty of fu- nerary objects were unearthed, seem to become increasingly important, because the tombs of the Zhou Dynasty emperors remain undiscovered. 380 pieces of jade have been excavated from tomb M2011 which belongs to the princes of Guo State, and these jades are the objects of this study. In this paper, 26 pieces of archaic jade artifacts excavated from the Tomb M2011 were comprehensively and systematically studied in terms of gemmology and petrology. Firstly,material of archaic jade artifacts were observed by means of microscopic examination, magni- fication observation, index of refraction （IR） and density measurement, and the authors pre- limiarily identified 21 pieces as nephrite, 2 pieces as marble and the rest 3 pieces made of fine sandstone. Secondly, 6 pieces of archaic jade artifacts were chosen as the samples for tests of Fourier transform infrared spectrometer （FTIR）, laser Raman spectroscopy （Raman） and X- ray diffraction （XRD）. The M2011 -＂ 457 was eroded and was underwent one more test by la- ser erosion inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （LA-ICP-MS）. The comprehen- sive analysis shows that out of the 26 pieces of archaic jade artifacts, 23 pieces are largely composed of nephrite and the rest 3 pieces are made of fine sandstone. Raman spectroscopy examines jade at a depth of 3~4 mm, while by FTIR spectroscopy, the maximum depth from tested samples surface down is 2~3 ~m. The tested depth of samples at the same loca- tion was different by the two techniques. And the erosion depth of the two pieces of archaic jade artifacts, which were eroded seriously, is within the range. According to the results of the FTIR spectra and laser Raman spectra, the erosive parts did not change the main mineral components essentially. The serious erosion changes the colours of the archaic jade （stone） artifacts and decrea- ses their luster, transparency, density and hardness, which makes a big challenge for the i- dentification. With the help of strong transmission light, the original colours and the degree of erosion can be inferred. Besides, large equipment tests can get useful information about the changes of the texture, structure and mineral components of the archaic jade artifacts. In the 43 pieces （sets） of archaic jade （stone） artifacts excavated from M2011 of the Guo State, 40 pieces （sets） are composed of nephrite, while the rest 3 pieces （sets） are composed of fine sandstone. Nephrite was considered as the most important material at that period, while the others were just taken as colorful stones. According to the quantity and quality of the excavated archaic jade （stone） artifacts, the Tomb M2011 is classified into the third class in the tombs of the Guo State, which reflects the evident social hierarchy of that period. This paper enriches the research of the excavated archaic artifacts of Henan Cultural Relic Archaeology and improves the technology content of studying archaic jade artifacts, which is beneficial to the classification, nomenclature and grading of the archaic jade artifacts.