Nonequilibrium thermodynamic model of manganese carbonate oxidation

Manganese carbonate can be converted to many kinds of manganese oxides when it is aerated in air and oxygen. Pure manganese carbonate can be changed into Mn₃O₄ and γ-MnOOH, and manganese carbonate ore can be converted to MnO₂ under the air-aerating and oxygen-aerating circumstances. The oxidation process of manganese carbonate is a changing process of mineral association, and is also a converting process of valence of manganese itself. Not only equilibrium state, but also nonequilibrium state are involved in this whole process. This process is an irreversible heterogeneous complex reaction, and obeys the nonequilibrium thermodynamic model. The oxidation rate of manganese carbonate is controlled by many factors, especially nonmanganese metallic ions which play an important role in the oxidation process of manganese carbonate.