中国西北新能源——油页岩典型特征及开发利用中的几个问题

随着石油资源的可用量不断减少,油页岩、油砂与稠油作为一种非常规资源即新能源而备受人们的重视。中国西北地区存在着丰富的油页岩资源。笔者近年来对其进行了初步研究。通过收集前人相关资料、野外地质剖面测量,典型矿区考察、关键样品化验分析等手段,结果表明中国西北油页岩有以下特点:①矿体多呈层状展布,油页岩单层厚度一般为1～36 m。油页岩多为褐黑色、黑色,有的表面因氧化而呈褐红色,略具油脂光泽。片状、层状构造。参差状、贝壳状断口。硬度小,条痕亮褐色。肉眼观察,岩石主要由粘土矿物及粉砂级碎屑矿物(长石及石英)组成。油页岩化学成分主要为SiO2、Al2O3。二者和为65.44×10-2,表明其属中等灰分的油页岩。油页岩有机碳为14×10-2,全碳16.28×10-2。含油率一般为1.5%～13.7%,发热量一般为1.66～20.98 MJ/kg,视密度1.55～2.46 kg/m3。时代越新,油页岩稀土元素丰度越高。主要有3种矿床类型:中、晚石炭世—早二叠世滨浅海相沉积矿床、晚二叠世残余湖湾-湖相沉积矿床以及中生代内陆大型湖泊相沉积矿床。其中中生代大型内陆深水-半深水湖泊相油页岩是主要工业类型,它也是鄂尔多斯盆地主要的生油岩,其成因类似于"黑海模式"。中、晚石炭世和侏罗纪形成的油页岩矿床多与煤层共生,形成于三角洲环境。该区预测的油页岩总资源量至少是30000×108 t,折合页岩油约2100×108 t。其中鄂尔多斯盆地油页岩资源量几近占99%,可与美国西部绿河油页岩媲美。西北地区已查明的油页岩矿均位于大、中城市附近,只要解决好环境污染问题,采用适当的开发技术,必将获得巨大的经济效益。

Typical geological characteristics of the new energy resource of oil shale and some problems concerning its development and utilization

With the gradual decrease of oil resources in China,non-conventional resources such as oil shale,oil sands and heavy oil have aroused much attention among geologists.There are abundant oil shale resources in northwest China,which have been preliminary studied in this paper.Field geological section survey,standard mining investigation,and laboratory analysis of important samples indicate that the oil shale in northwest China has the following features: 1) Oil shale strata 1-36m thick exist in this region.2) ...