中国海岸带地质资源与环境评价研究

海岸带是中国社会经济发展的前沿地带,人口密度最大、城镇化程度最高,在中国海洋强国战略中发挥重要的支撑作用,同时也是中国资源环境压力最大的区域。本文在全面分析近20年来中国海岸带地质资源环境调查成果的基础上,系统梳理了海岸带地区地质资源环境优势和存在的地质环境问题。中国海岸带地质资源环境优势突出,为绿色发展提供了良好条件,重要地质资源环境优势包括:1.2×10~4km~2滩涂后备土地资源可适度开发,以缓解海岸带建设用地紧张局面;2.8×10~4km~2绿色富硒土地和4.1×10~5km~2绿色渔场,适宜发展绿色特色农业和建设海洋牧场;浅层地温能和地热水年可开采量折合标准煤4.2×10~8t,对改善能源结构、减少大气污染有重要作用;5.8×10~4km~2滨海湿地和134处国家级和世界级地质遗迹资源,为海岸带生态文明建设提供了条件;90%的陆域适宜城镇和重大工程规划建设,地下空间开发条件较好,为海岸带地质安全提供了保障。存在的主要环境问题包括:海岸带局部存在活动断裂、地面沉降、地面塌陷、海岸侵蚀淤积、风暴潮等重大地质问题,对部分城市与重要基础设施形成威胁,局部地区水、土污染及海水入侵严重,需要高度重视。建议加大海岸带多学科综合地质调查,构建多要素、多圈层、多维度地质模型,查明自然灾害发生的规律和原因,减轻对人民生命财产造成的损失。

Coastal zone geo-resources and geo-environment in China

The coastal zone of China is the economic development frontier with the highest population and urbanization, critically important for the national strategy of maritime power promotion, nevertheless it is also facing the highest pressures of resources shortage and environment challenges. This paper has reviewed the last two decades'' survey and research results carried out by China Geological Survey in China''s coastal zone, with the purpose of assessing the advantages of geo-resources and the challenges on geo-environment as well as geo-hazards. China''s coastal zone possesses very rich geo-resources which provide the foundation of sustainable and green economy development. Here are some examples:1.2×10⁴ km² tidal flat space resources can be used for future coastal spatial expansion to release the present high pressure of land resources; 2.8×10⁴ km² high quality selenium-rich farming lands and 4.1×10⁵ km² fishing grounds provide high potential capacity for green and special agriculture, fishery and marine ranching; shallow geothermal energy and geothermal water on the coastal zone can be converted into green energy equal to 4.2×10⁸ t standard coals, which will help to improve the energy consumption structure and reduce air pollution; 5.8×10⁴ km² coastal wetlands and 134 sites of geo-heritage provide high potential opportunity for ecological civilization development on the coastal zone; 90% of the coastal land spaces are geologically suitable for urbanization development and infrastructure construction, with high quality and quantity underground space resources. Nevertheless, China''s coastal zone is also facing serious challenges from geo-environment, such as active faults, land subsidence, surface collapse, coastal erosion and storm surge threats, pollution in water and soil, and salt water or brine water intrusion. These challenges should be taken into account for the coastal sustainable and ecological development. The authors suggest enhancing the coastal multidisciplinary and comprehensive geological survey, establishing the integrated coastal geological models based on multiple environmental factors, geosphere-biosphere-hydrosphere interactive layers as well as multiple spatial and temporal dimensions, and revealing the distribution and causes of geohazards so as to mitigate the life and wealth losses on the coastal zone.