中国湖泊分布特征及典型流域生态保护修复建议

湖泊是地球关键带的重要组成部分,是水循环、物质循环和能量循环的重要环节。为了解我国湖泊分布现状,依托中国地质调查局“生态地质调查工程”及其所属二级项目“全国地球关键带遥感地质调查”,利用Landsat8 OLI 等卫星影像数据,通过遥感解译等技术方法,识别了2018年我国境内(不包括香港、澳门与台湾地区)面积大于1.0 km²的湖泊2 780个,总面积78 727.9 km²; 研究统计并分析了我国各省/自治区、五大湖区、主要流域的湖泊数量、面积和分布特征; 针对典型区域的湖泊存在的生态问题进行分析,提出相关湖泊生态保护修复的相关建议。其中,北方农牧交错带湖泊大量萎缩干涸,主因是农业和畜牧业的发展,地下水超采严重,应着力减少地下水开采; 黄河流域人工湖建设存在无序发展、过度追求景观水面扩张等问题,应遵从水循环与水平衡自然规律,针对全流域水资源配置进行调控; 长江源区湖泊水面整体处于扩张状态,应以自然因素为主、人类活动干扰触发为辅,加强冻土变化过程以及主要河流的水生态、水环境监测,综合提高源区整体监测水平。研究成果为后续湖泊生态保护修复研究工作提供了参考。

Distribution characteristics of lakes in China and suggestions for ecological protection and restoration of typical river basins

Lakes are key components of the Earth’s Critical Zone and significant parts of the water cycle, matter cycles and energy cycles. In order to comprehend the lake distribution in China, based on the “Eco-geological Survey Project” of China Geological Survey and its sub-project “National Remote Sensing Geological Survey of Earth’s Critical Zones”, the authors in this research used Landsat8 OLI satellite images, remote sensing interpretation and other technical methods to identify 2 780 lakes(lake area≥1.0 km²) with a total area of 78 727.9 km² in the territory of China (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan areas). The number, area and distribution characteristics of lakes in China’s provincial-level administrative regions, five typical lake regions, and the main river basins are analyzed. In addition, the research aims at the ecological problems in typical lake regions, and relevant suggestions on lake ecological protection and restoration are put forward. The lakes in the northern agro-pastoral ecotone have shrunk and dried up, mainly due to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry and serious groundwater over-exploitation, so efforts should be made to reduce groundwater exploitation. The disorderly development and excessive pursuit of landscape water surface expansion exists in the construction of artificial lakes in the Yellow River Basin, so we should follow the natural law of water cycle and water balance and regulate the allocation of water resources in the whole basin. The water surface of lakes in the source area of the Yangtze River is in an expanding state as a whole, mainly due to natural factors and supplemently by human activities. The monitoring of frozen soil change process and water ecology and water environment of main rivers should be strengthened to comprehensively improve the overall monitoring level of the source area. The research results provide a method reference for the follow-up ecological protection and restoration work.