Anammox bacteria and the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium in the oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile |
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| Institution: | 1. Programa de Doctorado en Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile;2. Departamento de Oceanografía and Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur-Oriental (FONDAP-COPAS), Universidad de Concepción, Cabina 7-PROFC, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile;3. Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark;4. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;1. Department of Oceanography & Center for Oceanographic Research in the eastern South Pacific University of Concepcion PO Box 160-C, Concepcion, Chile;2. Department of Oceanography & Center for Oceanographic Research in the eastern South Pacific University of Concepcion PO Box 160-C, Concepcion, Chile;1. Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, Tartu 51014, Estonia;2. Everglades Wetland Research Park, Florida Gulf Coast University, 4940 Bayshore Drive, Naples, FL 34112, USA;1. Newcastle University, School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;2. NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands;3. University of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;4. University of Southern Denmark, Department of Biology, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark;5. University of Costa Rica, CIMAR and Escuela de Química, San José, Montes de Oca, San Pedro 11501-2050, Costa Rica;6. Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Heyendaalsweg 135, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands;1. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan;2. Center for Water Cycle, Marine Environment and Disaster Management, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan;3. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, USA;1. Departamento de Oceanografía and Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4070386 Concepción, Chile;2. Programas de Postgrado en Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4070386 Concepción, Chile;3. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O′Higgins 340, Santiago 8331150, Chile;4. School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Ford Environmental Sciences and Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30308, United States;1. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China;3. Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA;4. Bioscience Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA;5. The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China;2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China;3. CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China;4. Jiangxi Institute of Analysis and Test, Nanchang, 330029, China;5. Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China |
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| Abstract: | Anammox is the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium by nitrite or nitrate to yield N2. This process, along with conventional denitrification, contributes to nitrogen loss in oxygen-deficient systems. Anammox is performed by a special group of bacteria belonging to the Planctomycetes phylum. However, information about the distribution, activity, and controlling factors of these anammox bacteria is still limited. Herein, we examine the phylogenetic diversity, vertical distribution, and activity of anammox bacteria in the coastal upwelling region and oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile. The phylogeny of anammox bacteria was studied using primers designed to specifically target 16S rRNA genes from Planctomycetes in samples taken during a cruise in 2004. Anammox bacteria-like sequences affiliated with Candidatus “Scalindua spp.” dominated the 16S rRNA gene clone library. However, 62% of the sequences subgrouped separately within this cluster and together with a single sequence retrieved from the suboxic zone of the freshwater Lake Tanganyika. The vertical distribution and activity of anammox bacteria were explored through CARD-FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization with catalyzed reporter deposition) and 15N labeling incubations, respectively, at two different open-ocean stations during a second cruise in 2005. Anammox bacterial CARD-FISH counts (up to 3000 cells ml?1) and activity (up to 5.75 nmol N2 L?1 d?1) were only detected at the station subjected directly to the upwelling influence. Anammox cell abundance and activity were highest at 50 m depth, which is the upper part of the OMZ. In this layer, a high abundance of cyanobacteria and a marked nitrogen deficit were also observed. Thus, our results show the presence of a new subcluster within the marine anammox phylogeny and indicate high vertical variability in the abundance and activity of anammox bacteria that could be related to an intensification of carbon and nitrogen cycling in the upper part of the OMZ. |
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