2018年春季西北五省省会城市大气质量与健康风险评价

城市大气污染及其引起的健康效应一直是关注的热点。本研究对2018年春季西北五省省会城市PM2.5、PM10、NO2、SO2、CO和O3浓度数据进行了系统分析,并采用美国环境保护署(United States Envi‐ronmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型评估了PM2.5、PM10、SO2和NO2的健康风险。结果表明:PM2.5和PM10为主要超标污染物。除乌鲁木齐市(该市PM10春季平均质量浓度亦超标)外,其余四个城市PM2.5和PM10的春季平均质量浓度均超过国家二级标准。各城市SO2、NO2、O3和CO的污染水平较低。2018年春季各城市空气质量以良好至轻度污染为主。各城市人群PM2.5和PM10的春季健康风险均在USEPA规定的可接受风险范围内。SO2和NO2的健康风险均未超过瑞典、荷兰等国推荐的可接受风险值。SO2和NO2对老人产生的健康风险最小,儿童最大,儿童为较敏感受体。儿童(<6岁)SO2/NO2的春季健康风险约是成人(18~60岁)的1.2/1.3倍,是60岁以上人群的1.7/1.8倍。不同性别及年龄阶段人群SO2和NO2的健康风险存在差异,6~17岁人群和60岁以上老人的健康风险有女性>男性的特点,6岁以下儿童与18~60岁成人的健康风险则表现为男性>女性。

Air Quality and Health Risk Assessment of Capital Cities in Five Northwest Provinces of China in the Spring of 2018

Urban air pollution and its impact on human health always receive high attention.This study analyzed the concentrations of PM2.5,PM10,NO2,SO2,CO and O3 in the capital cities of five Northwest provinces in the spring of 2018 and evaluated the health risks posed by PM2.5,PM10,SO2 and NO2 using the health risk assessment model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA).The results show that PM2.5and PM10 are main pollutants exceeding standards.Except Urumqi(The average PM10concentration in spring in Urumqi also exceeded standards),the average concentration of PM2.5and PM10exceeded the national standard GradeⅡin spring in the other four cities.The concentrations of SO2,NO2,O3and CO in the five cities were relatively low.The air pollution of all cities was mainly good to light pollution in the spring of 2018.The health risks of PM2.5and PM10in spring in the five cities were at acceptable risk level set by USEPA.The health risks of SO2 and NO2 did not exceed the acceptable risk values recommended by Sweden,Netherlands and other countries.SO2 and NO2 posed the smallest risks to the elderly(>60 years old)and the greatest health risks to children(<6years old).Children were more sensitive receptors.The spring health risks of SO2/NO2 for children(<6 years old)were about 1.2/1.3 times those for adults(18~60 years old),1.7/1.8 times those for people over 60 years old.The health risks of SO2 and NO2 for men and women of different ages were different.Women aged 6~17 or over 60 were at greater risks than even-aged men,while the risks of men under 6 years old or aged 18~60 were higher.