The use of successive dynamic initialization by nudging to simulate cyclogenesis during GALE IOP 1

Summary Synoptic/diagnostic case studies have increasingly come to rely on numerical simulations started from some initial state after which the model generated fields receive no further information from observed data. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of a dynamic data assimilation technique based on nudging to create a dynamically consistent high-resolution four-dimensional data set that can be used for synoptic diagnostic studies. The nudging technique is applied in the Goddard Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (GMASS) using the 3-h radiosonde data collected during GALE IOP 1. A unique aspect of this application is nudging toward data analyses for which the areal coverage shifts with time. One of the two nudging simulations assimilates surface pressure in addition to the temperature, mixing ratio, and wind components. The nudging values are determined by linear interpolation between 3-h observation times. Assuming a linear variation of the assimilated value in time leads to estimates of the nudging coefficients which take into account the accuracy of the observations.Both nudging simulations are more accurate in terms of S hand root-mean-square error (RMSE) scores than a control sunulation without successive initialization. The nudging simulation with surface pressure is more accurate than the nudging simulation without surface pressure assimilation for this case. The simulation with surface pressure nudging captures the surface cyclogenesis and the associated strong rise-fall couplet in the 500 hPa height field. It also exhibits the strongest ageostrophic flow and exit region vertical circulation associated with a jet streak on the western side of the intensifying upper-level trough.The data sets made possible by the dynamic assimilation/ simulation cycles are dynamically consistent, have high spatial and temporal resolution and are ideally suited for diagnostic studies. Examples presented include the evolution of the ageostrophic flow associated with the exit region of an upper-level jet propagating toward the base of an intensifying trough with increasing cyclonic curvature of the flow. The nudging simulation with surface pressure provides the resolution and accuracy required to depict the rapid transformation (within a 12-h period) of the exit region ageostrophic flow from predominantly cross contour to along contour as the jet streak approaches the base of the trough.With 19 Figures