木星大气探测综述

我国计划在2030年发射木星探测飞船，相关工程技术、科学目标论证的前期准备工作已经开始。为了更好地规划我国木星探测的科学目标，我们在本文系统地总结了美欧在过去几十年所进行的历次木星探测项目及其大气探测成果。到目前为止，已成功发射的有关木星的探测飞船共有9次，其中7次为飞越探测（飞船在飞越木星时顺带进行了木星的探测），另外2次为专门探测（专门为了探测木星而发射的飞船），分别为伽利略号和朱诺号飞船。这些飞船携带了大量的探测仪器，对木星大气的动力、物理和化学性质，磁层、电离层和内部结构等进行了综合探测。我们在本文中将主要集中在木星大气探测方面，对7次飞越探测做简要的介绍，对两次专门的探测进行详细介绍，并对一部分尚未解决的科学问题进行简单讨论。

Spacecraft Missions to Jupiter

China is planning to launch the country''s first spacecraft to Jupiter and its satellites around 2030. The space mission has organized a series of discussions for scientists and engineers. Proposals of scientific objectives and engineering techniques are being collected. To help formulate the scientific goals of the Jupiter mission, the authors review past missions to Jupiter conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Among the nine space missions that explored Jupiter and its satellites so far, seven are flyby missions. The two others particularly for Jupiter, Galileo and Juno, carried many suites of instruments. Observations are not limited to Jupiter''s atmosphere. Rather, they extend to the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and internal structures. In this paper, the authors focus on observations of the Jovian atmosphere. The authors introduce the flyby missions briefly, while the Galileo and Juno spacecrafts are summarized in greater details. The authors also discuss some of the outstanding questions.