Precipitation: Measurement,remote sensing,climatology and modeling |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA;3. FM Global, Center for Property Risk Solutions, Research Division, Norwood, MA 02062-9102, USA;1. Istituto di Scienze dell''Atmosfera e del Clima, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy;2. Serco SpA, Frascati, Italy;3. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) at the Numerical Center for Weather and Climate Prediction (NCWCP), College Park, MD, United States;4. Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA;1. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;2. College of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China;3. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast, Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information, Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China;4. Department of Physical Sciences, Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 972-60200, Meru, Kenya;5. School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus Private Bag, Suva, Fiji;1. National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Noida, India;2. New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA;3. India Meteorological Department, Pune, India;4. Centre for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;1. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Türkiye;2. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye |
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| Abstract: | This review paper deals with four aspects of precipitation: measurement, remote sensing, climatology and modeling. The measurement of precipitation is summarized in terms of the instruments that count and measure drop sizes (defined as disdrometers) and the instruments that measure an average quantity proportional to the integrated volume of an ensemble of raindrops (these instruments are normally called rain gauges). Remote sensing of precipitation is accomplished with ground based radar and from satellite retrievals and these two approaches are separately discussed. The climatology of precipitation has evolved through the years from the traditional rain gauge data analyses to the more sophisticated data bases that result from a coalescence of data and information on precipitation that is available from several sources into amalgamated products. Recently, rain observations from both ground and space have been assimilated into regional and global numerical weather prediction models aiming at improved moisture analysis and better forecasts of extreme weather events. The current status and the main outstanding issues related to precipitation forecasting are discussed, providing a basic structure for research coordination aimed at the improvement of modeling, observation and data assimilation applicable to global and regional scales. |
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