基于自然的解决方案：中国应对气候变化领域的政策进展、问题与对策

基于自然的解决方案（NbS）在应对气候变化领域的重要作用日益受到国际社会的关注。本文将NbS在应对气候变化领域的生态系统划分为森林、草地、农田、湿地、海洋、城市,采用传统环境政策工具分类,将六大生态系统的政策工具划分为命令控制型、经济激励型、自愿参与型三类。在此基础上,梳理构建NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的政策框架。结果表明,我国初步形成了以命令控制型政策为主,重视通过经济激励型政策引导,并逐步完善自愿参与型政策的NbS政策体系。然而,NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的政策仍存在诸多问题,包括NbS尚未成为应对气候变化的主流措施、缺乏自上而下的管理机制、未形成理论与实践的有机统一、资金来源单一、技术支撑和能力建设薄弱、公众参与度有待进一步加强等。为发挥NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的潜力,建议将NbS纳入我国下阶段国家自主贡献更新文件中,争取提出有关NbS的定量承诺,推动NbS成为应对气候变化的主流措施,构建自上而下的管理机制,建立多元化的资金投入机制,加强从理论到实践、从路径到政策的研究,提升能力保障和公众参与度。

Advances,problems and strategies of policy for Nature-based Solutions in the fields of climate change in China

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in combating climate change has become a big concern in international community. The ecosystems of NbS can be divided into forest, grassland, farmland, wetland, ocean and city. The traditional environmental policy instruments were applied to group the policy instruments of NbS in command-and-control regulations, incentive policies, and voluntary participation. Based on the division of policy instruments, the documents were collected and investigated to obtain a policy framework of NbS in China. At the moment, the policy framework is dominated by command-and-control regulations, and also is led by incentive policies with the promotion of voluntary participation. However, there are still a few problems including that NbS is not the mainstream way in addressing climate change, the management system from top to bottom is not sufficient, theory is still not complementary to practice, and other problems like single source of funding, weakness of technology and capacity-building, insufficiency in willingness to participate. To maximize NbS in China, NbS should be included in Nationally Determined Contributions and quantitative goals should be proposed at the next stage. Moreover, it is recommended to mainstream NbS in responding to climate change, to construct top-bottom management system, to establish diversified sources of funding, to strengthen the study on theory to practice and pathway to policy, to promote capacity-building and the willingness to participate.