基于GIS的历史文化街区避难空间适灾规划研究——以天津市历史文化街区为例

历史文化街区房屋建筑密度大,内部空间狭小,疏散难度较大,现有避难空间难以满足地震避难要求,提高历史文化街区抗震韧性势在必行。面向历史文化街区,以避难空间的评价与规划方法为研究对象,基于ArcGIS 10.2对研究区域道路网络与环境要素进行空间建模,在归纳分析与专项分析的基础上建立避难空间评价量化指标,运用空间网络与叠置分析、GIS空间分析与可视化分析提出历史文化街区避难空间规划与布局方法。以天津市14个历史文化街区为例,基于安全性、时效性、便捷性与应急功能性的目标,评价街区道路易损性及现有避难空间合理性,通过用地适宜性评价选择适宜性等级较高的区域作为避难空间的候选位置;针对现状避难空间无法满足避难需求的街区,运用集合覆盖模型、最大化覆盖范围模型及最小化设施点数模型等定量分析方法进行避难空间优化布局,并对新增避难空间进行评价,实现对本文提出的历史文化街区避难空间规划方法科学性与实用性的验证。

Planning of Shelter Space Adapting to Disasters for Historical and Cultural Districts Based on GIS: a Case Study of Tianjin

The buildings in historical and cultural districts are characterized by high density, confined space, and insufficient evacuation capacity, and existing shelters are difficult to meet the requirements of earthquake refuge, so it is imperative to improve the seismic resilience of historical and cultural districts. In this paper, the evaluation and planning methods of shelters in historical and cultural districts were analyzed. The spatial model of road network and environmental elements was first established based on ArcGIS 10.2. Then the inductive analysis and special analysis were adopted to determine the quantitative index for shelters. Finally, with spatial network and overlay analysis, GIS analysis and visual analysis, the planning and layout methods for shelters in historical and cultural districts were proposed. A case study of 14 historical and cultural districts in Tianjin was implemented to evaluate the invulnerability of road and the effectiveness of existing shelters, and then areas with high level suitability were selected as alternative locations. For those districts where current shelters cannot meet requirements, quantitative analysis methods including set covering model, maximal coverage model, and minimal facility location model were developed to optimize the shelter layout. Therefore, the scientific and practical application of the shelter planning method proposed in this paper were verified.