The space-weather enterprise: past,present, and future |
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| Institution: | 1. Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;2. National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, 11421 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt;3. Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil;1. Department of Physics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004 Assam, India;2. Centre for Atmospheric Studies, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004 Assam, India;1. Department of EEE, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara 06800, Turkey;2. IZMIRAN, Moscow, 142190 Troitsk, Russia;1. Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Nigeria;2. Department of Physics, University of Tasmania, Australia;3. High Altitude Observatory, National Centre for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA;4. Centre for Atmospheric Research, National Space Research and Development Agency, Nigeria;5. Department of Physics, Afe Babalola University, Nigeria;6. Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi, Nigeria;7. Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College, Massachusetts, Boston, USA;8. Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China;1. Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Arts & Science Faculty Physics Department, Turkey;2. Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Turkey;3. University of Kyrenia, Faculty of Maritime Management, Cyprus |
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| Abstract: | Space-weather impacts society in diverse ways. Societies’ responses have been correspondingly diverse. Taken together these responses constitute a space weather “enterprise”, which has developed over time and continues to develop. Technological systems that space-weather affects have grown from isolated telegraph systems in the 1840s to ocean and continent-spanning cable communications systems, from a generator electrifying a few city blocks in the 1880s to continent-spanning networks of high-tension lines, from wireless telegraphy in the 1890s to globe-spanning communication by radio and satellites. To have a name for the global totality of technological systems that are vulnerable to space weather, I suggest calling it the cyberelectrosphere. When the cyberelectrosphere was young, scientists who study space weather, engineers who design systems that space weather affects, and operators of such systems — the personnel behind the space-weather enterprise — were relatively isolated. The space-weather enterprise was correspondingly incoherent. Now that the cyberelectrosphere has become pervasive and indispensable to most segments of society, the space weather enterprise has become systematic and coherent. At present it has achieved considerable momentum, but it has barely begun to realize the level of effectiveness to which it can aspire, as evidenced by achievements of a corresponding but more mature enterprise in meteorology, a field which provides useful lessons. The space-weather enterprise will enter a new phase after it matures roughly to where the tropospheric weather enterprise is now. Then it will become indispensable for humankind's further global networking through technology and for humankind's further utilization of and expansion into space. |
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