岩石破裂过程中的超低频电磁异常

震前电磁场和大地自电位的异常是重要的地震前兆现象．在零磁空间对超低频段的磁场和自电位的变化进行了岩石破裂的实验研究，细致地揭示出电场、磁场出现异常变化的全过程，对深入认识超低频电磁信号的微观机理具有重要的意义．实验发现，岩石受力后应变、电位和磁场的缓慢变化在空间分布上是首先在近破裂源处出现，继而随裂纹的发展而改变位置；在时间序列上先出现自电位异常，然后是超低频磁场的变化；在异常形态上，超低频电磁信号呈现出早期、中期、晚期3个阶段的明显差异．研究表明，岩石微破裂引起裂隙尖端处的电荷分离. 静电荷在局部区域的积累和运移，导致了自电位的脉冲状变化；而在主破裂阶段，积累电荷的急速运动形成瞬间电流，激发了脉冲式的磁场异常．本文详细介绍了这一综合实验的技术步骤和观测结果，并对地震电磁前兆的微观机理进行了探讨． 

ULF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC ANOMALIES ACCOMPANYING THE CRACKING OF ROCK SAMPLE

The anomalies of magnetic field and self-potential before earthquakes are important precursory phenomena. A simulating experiment study on the variations in ultra-low frequency (ULF) magnetic field and self-potential during rock cracking was carried out in a magnetic field-free space. The results revealing in detail the whole process of the occurrences of electric and magnetic anomalies are significant for understanding the microscopic mechanism of ULF electric and magnetic signals. The experiment indicates that at the initial stage the slow changes in strain, self-potential and magnetic field with small amounts appeared firstly near the source of initial cracking, and then extended as the crack developed on. In the time domain, the self-potential anomaly emerged first and ULF magnetic field changes arose then. The shape of the ULF electric and magnetic anomaly varied obviously in early-, mid- and late-term of the test. The authors attributed the pulse-like changes of self-potential to the generation and movement of the accumulated electric charges during the cracking caused by charge separation on the crack tips within the sample. While the magnetic pulses of shorter-period appeared at the last stage of the experiment, may be induced by instantaneous electric current of the accumulated charge during the cracking acceleration. The technical method and the observational results of this experiment are given in detail and the microscopic mechanism of electric and magnetic precursors before earthquake are discussed in the present paper as well.