中国干旱地区内陆河流域水资源利用与保护

水是干旱地区最为宝贵、无法替代和不可或缺的自然资源,是绿洲生命、生存和生产的基本前提条件.为了维护绿洲稳定,实现可持续发展,必须加强对现有水资源的质和量进行严格保护及科学、合理开发利用.根据干旱区内陆河流域自然地理条件和水资源形成、分布、转化的特点,可以把其分为径流形成区和径流散失区两大部分:前者分布在山区,其中高山冰雪和中山森林带对水源稳定和调节具有重要意义,应重点保护;后者分布在山前平原地区,是水资源强烈开发利用区和人类活动区,极易造成水资源污染和地下水资源的破坏,因而控制水量消耗、防止水体污染及合理开发地下水应是本区的重点.国家、地方相关部门和研究单位尽快研究、制定和建立生态补偿机制,明确"水权"、"生存权"和"发展权"之间利益关系,给予生态脆弱地区更多的生存、发展机会和空间,同时制定严格的区域水资源保护法律法规,以利各项保护措施有法可依,从根本上避免生态脆弱区为发展经济而破坏生态环境的悲剧反复上演.

Utilization and Protection of Water Resources in the Inland River Basins of the Arid Regions in China

Water is invaluable,irreplaceable natural resources.It is also the basic condition of the life,surviving and production in oases.In order to maintain the oasis' stabilization and to realize the sustainable development,it is necessary to strengthen the protecting,rationally developing and utilizing the available water resources.According to the characteristics of the physical geography conditions and the formation of water resources,and their distribution and transformation in the arid inland river basins,a basin can be divided into two parts: runoff formation part and runoff dissipation part. In the former,which is distributed over the mountainous area,more than 90% runoff is form.Of the runoff formation part the white "Solid Reservoir" from the high-mountain glacier-snow and the green "Plant Reservoir" from the mid-mountain forest belt should be protected earnestly,owing to their important function for stabilizing and adjusting the water sources;The latter,which is located in the plain areas before mountains,is centralized in artificial and natural oases,the regions of strongly developing and utilizing water resources and human activity.So in this part,it is very important to control the water consumption,water pollution and to exploit rationally the groundwater in order to protect the water resources.The correlative departments and institutes should research and establish a mechanism of ecological compensation as soon as possible,definitude the benefit relationship among the Water Right,Existent Right and Development Right in order to grant the ecologically vulnerable areas more surviving and developing chances and spaces,and to constitute the strict laws and statutes about the regional water resources protection to avoid the tragedy of developing economy in the ecologically vulnerable areas depending on destroying the eco-environment.