旅游引导的新型农村城镇化研究——以丹霞山瑶塘村与断石村为例

采用质性研究方法,揭示1980~2014年间丹霞山瑶塘村和断石村在旅游引导下实现农村城镇化的过程特征和机制。研究发现,在旅游驱动下,地方政府、农村社区、外来力量等多元主体共同作用下两村逐步实现了“以人为核心”的新型农村城镇化;地方政府的有效管理和资金扶持,有力保障了农村公共设施建设和旅游企业发展,防止“公地悲剧”和“虚假城镇化”现象发生;农村社区以土地、资金和劳动力等要素主动参与旅游经营和社区建设,实现了产业、就业和生活方式的非农化,是农村城镇化的主导力量;以外来资本、旅游移民和旅游者等为主的外来力量为农村城镇化提供了资金、劳动力、文化和信息等支持,其作用随着旅游市场规模的扩大而逐步加大。研究认为,当前旅游驱动型农村城镇化并非传统意义上农民空间、职业和身份都发生转化的城镇化,而是农民通过参与旅游就地转变生产和生活方式的内生型城镇化,未来可通过“村改居”方式逐步向区域城镇化转换。

Tourism-driven New Rural Urbanization: A Case Study of Yaotang Village and Duanshi Village in the Danxia Mountain in 1980-2014

It is of certain significance to explore the new-type tourism-driven rural urbanization for providing valuable reference for underdeveloped rural areas which lack of conditions for industrial development but abundant of tourism resources. The article applies qualitative methodology to revealing the characteristics and mechanism of new-type rural urbanization facilitated by tourism in the cases of two rural villages, i.e. the Yaotang Village and the Duanshi Village in the World Heritage Site, the Danxia Mountain. The result shows that as driven by tourism development, the two villages have achieved the new-type rural urbanization with the core of “people urbanization” that interplayed with plural subjects, namely local government, rural communities and external stakeholders. Local infrastructure construction and tourism enterprises development are well encouraged with governmental support of policies and capital, which prevents effectively the phenomenon of “Tragedy of the Commons” and “fake urbanization” from occurring. Furthermore, the two communities have initiatively participated in community construction and tourism operation by investing land, capital and labor, etc., which have accelerated the conversion of industry, employment and living lifestyle. It is also found that it is the external forces like external capital, tourism immigrants as well as tourists that have provided essential supports of capital, labors, information and culture, which gradually enlarge with the development of tourism market. Finally, the article argues that the tourism-driven rural urbanization does not occur in a traditional way that normally characterized with conversion of living space, career and identity; it is essentially an endogenous urbanization to characterize with in situ conversion mode of production and living lifestyle by peasants participating in tourism development. In this way, it may be possible to cultivate regional urbanization by the way of changing villagers’ registered residence in a near future.