流域科学研究中的观测和模型系统建设

流域是地球系统的缩微，是自然界的基本单元。流域科学从基础研究角度可以被看作是地球系统科学研究方法在流域尺度上的具体体现；从流域综合管理的应用角度看，流域科学是在流域尺度上通过对自然资源和人类活动的优化配置而为可持续发展服务的应用科学。流域观测系统和模型系统的建设是发展流域科学的前提。提出了建立遥感—地面观测一体化的、覆盖流域能水和生物化学循环及社会经济活动的流域观测系统的设想，规划了系统各组成部分，以高效、高分辨率、高精度、多尺度、集成和现代化为流域观测系统的基本衡量准则。流域模型系统可概括为“水—土—气—生—人”集成模型的发展，JP2]应该科学目标和流域管理目标并重，既要发展具有综合模拟能力的流域集成模型，也要建成流域水土资源和社会经济资源可持续利用决策支持系统。流域集成模型应由分布式水文模型、陆面过程模型、地下水模型、渠系模型、动态植被模型和社会经济模型构成。

On the Watershed Observing and Modeling Systems

A watershed can be considered as an atom of earth system or a basic element of natural environment. The watershed science, from a viewpoint of fundamental research, is a practice of earth system science on catchment scale; and from a viewpoint of applied science, is a tool to be used for sustainable development by optimal allocation of natural resources and human activities at a river basin. Watershed observing and modeling systems are the prerequisite for watershed science. The components of the proposed watershed observing system is introduced. It should be capable of observing water, energy and geochemical cycles as well as socioeconomic activities with up to date, highly resolution, highly accurate, highly effective, multi scale, and integrated techniques. The watershed modeling system should consist of regional climatic model, land surface model, surface water model, ground water model, dynamic vegetation model, and socioeconomic model. Based on the integrated model, a spatially explicit decision support system for watershed management can be developed. Therefore, the watershed modeling system can be used not only for understanding the watershed behavior but also for severing the integrated watershed management.