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Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks |
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| Authors: | Glibert Patricia M Azanza Rhodora Burford Michele Furuya Ken Abal Eva Al-Azri Adnan Al-Yamani Faiza Andersen Per Anderson Donald M Beardall John Berg G Mine Brand Larry Bronk Deborah Brookes Justin Burkholder Joann M Cembella Allan Cochlan William P Collier Jackie L Collos Yves Diaz Robert Doblin Martina Drennen Thomas Dyhrman Sonya Fukuyo Yasuwo Furnas Miles Galloway James Granéli Edna Ha Dao Viet Hallegraeff Gustaaf Harrison John Harrison Paul J Heil Cynthia A Heimann Kirsten Howarth Robert Jauzein Cécile Kana Austin A Kana Todd M Kim Hakgyoon Kudela Raphael Legrand Catherine Mallin Michael |
| Affiliation: | a University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA b The Marine Science Institute, Velasquez, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines c Griffith University, Australian Rivers Institute, Kessel Road, Nathan Queensland 4111, Australia d Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan e South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership, 239 George Street, G.P.O. Box 1434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia f Department of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O.Box 34, Al-Khodh, PC123 Muscat, Oman g Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait h Orbicon A/S, Jens Juuls Vej 18, 8260, Viby J., Denmark i Biology Department MS#32 and 33, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA j School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia k Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA l Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA m Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA n Water Research Cluster, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia 5005, Australia o Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA p Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany q Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA94920, USA r Marine Sciences Research Center, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA s Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires (UMR 5119) CC093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France t Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia u Departments of Economics and Environmental Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA v Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan w Water Quality and Ecosystem Health Team, Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia x Environmental Sciences Department, Clark Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903 VA, USA y Department of Marine Sciences, University of Kalmar, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden z Institute of Oceanography, Cauda 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nhatrang City, Viet Nam aa School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia ab School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver Campus, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA ac Atmospheric, Marine and Coastal Environment Program, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong ad Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 Eighth Avenue, SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA ae School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia af Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E311 Corson Hall, Ithaca NY 14853, USA ag Pukyong National University, Department of Ocean Science, 599-1 Daeyon-Dong, Nam-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea ah Ocean Sciences and Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA ai Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA aj Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, 4600 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA ak School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia al Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa am Jinan University, Research Center for Harmful Algae and Aquatic Environment, 510632 Guanzhou, PR China an Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA ao Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland ap Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers/NOAA CMER, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA aq Department of Biology, Gallaudet University, 800 Florida Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA ar Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitii Kebagsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia as Coral Triangle Centre, The Nature Conservancy, Jl Pengembak 2, Sanur, 80228 Bali, Indonesia at Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China au First Institute of Oceanography, 6 Xianxialing Road, High-tech Industrial Park, 266061 Qingdao, PR China |
| Abstract: | The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed. |
| Keywords: | Urea dumping Ocean fertilization Carbon credits Sulu Sea Carbon sequestration Harmful algae Toxic dinoflagellates Cyanobacteria Hypoxia |
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