北京市水资源安全与工业用水管理方法探讨

北京市水资源问题十分严重,水资源的开发利用率达到了惊人的135%。工业用水是一个十分重要的组成部分,工业有效用水和用水管理是北京市水安全的关键问题之一。工业用水的定额管理是工业用水管理的核心。本文首先对工业用水定额进行研究的基础上,阐述了用水定额制定和管理的一些基本方法,取得了以下结论:(1)工业用水定额可以分为主定额和辅助定额。主定额指单位产品生产所需要的取用水量,包括生产和辅助生产用水两个部分。辅助定额包括附属生活用水定额和企业的万元产值取水量。(2)产品生产的工艺过程是决定工业用水定额的主要影响因素。在某一种产品的生产工艺过程确定的条件下,其单位产品的取水定额是一个固定值。对于同一种产品的生产,如果生产过程所取用的原料不同、工艺方式不同,可以有不同的用水定额。(3)对定额管理方法进行了探讨。认为实现用水定额管理的核心,就是要把所制定的用水定额转换成一个可以操作执行的行业和企业的用水指标。该用水指标的确定是以产品的用水定额为核心,综合考虑以下因素:附属生活用水、企业规模、企业的开工率、企业的节水管理水平和季节的波动性。

Water Resource Security and Method Research on Enactment and Management of Industrial Water Use in Beijing

Water security problems are very serious. The water resource use rate is now 135% in Beijing. Water use management in industry plays a key role in addressing Beijing water security challenge. Enactment and management on industrial water quota is of great importance for scientific research and application. The paper defines the quota of industrial water at first, then expounds some fundamental methods and draws some conclusions as follows: (1) industrial water quota includes primary quota and assistant quota. Primary quota is the water quantity which is used to yield unit product, and it includes two parts: the water for product process and that for assistant production process. Assistant quota includes affiliated life water quota and enterprise’s water consumption per unit production value; (2) the technical process of production is the main factor to define industrial water quota. Once the technical process of production is determined, the unit production’s water consumption quota is a fixed value. While the same production is manufactured, different water quota can be used if different material and techniques are used in the course of manufacture; (3) the method on management of quota is discussed. It is considered that the kernel of the management of water quota is to convert water quota into water withdrawal criterion which can be of easy operation in respective industries and enterprises. The water withdrawal criterion is decided on the basis of water quota and also such factors as affiliated life water, the scale of enterprise, the rate of working time of enterprise, the management level of water saving of enterprise and seasonal fluctuation.