Mercury in coal and the impact of coal quality on mercury emissions from combustion systems |
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| Institution: | 1. US Geological Survey, Eastern Energy Resources Team, 956 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA;2. Reaction Engineering International, 77 W. 200 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, USA;3. Utah Geological Survey, P.O. Box 146100, Salt Lake City, UT 84114-6100, USA;1. Department of the Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), ES-28040 Madrid, Spain;2. School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain;1. School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550002, PR China;2. University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany;3. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China;4. CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi''an, 710061, PR China;5. King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;6. University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt;7. University of Sejong, Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea;1. University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 921 Assembly Street, Room 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;2. United States Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;3. Brooks Rand Instruments, 4415 6th Ave NW, Seattle, WA 98107, USA;1. Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland;2. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden;3. Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;4. Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR Metis, 75252 Paris, France;5. Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;6. Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CHN, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;7. Institut für Geökologie, AG Umweltgeochemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;8. Department of Environmental, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA |
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| Abstract: | The proportion of Hg in coal feedstock that is emitted by stack gases of utility power stations is a complex function of coal chemistry and properties, combustion conditions, and the positioning and type of air pollution control devices employed. Mercury in bituminous coal is found primarily within Fe-sulfides, whereas lower rank coal tends to have a greater proportion of organic-bound Hg. Preparation of bituminous coal to reduce S generally reduces input Hg relative to in-ground concentrations, but the amount of this reduction varies according to the fraction of Hg in sulfides and the efficiency of sulfide removal. The mode of occurrence of Hg in coal does not directly affect the speciation of Hg in the combustion flue gas. However, other constituents in the coal, notably Cl and S, and the combustion characteristics of the coal, influence the species of Hg that are formed in the flue gas and enter air pollution control devices. The formation of gaseous oxidized Hg or particulate-bound Hg occurs post-combustion; these forms of Hg can be in part captured in the air pollution control devices that exist on coal-fired boilers, without modification. For a given coal type, the capture efficiency of Hg by pollution control systems varies according to type of device and the conditions of its deployment. For bituminous coal, on average, more than 60% of Hg in flue gas is captured by fabric filter (FF) and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Key variables affecting performance for Hg control include Cl and S content of the coal, the positioning (hot side vs. cold side) of the system, and the amount of unburned C in coal ash. Knowledge of coal quality parameters and their effect on the performance of air pollution control devices allows optimization of Hg capture co-benefit. |
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