超长定向钻注装备关键技术分析及发展趋势

定向钻技术起源于石油钻井工业，经多年发展已拓展至隧道工程地质勘察及灾害处置、煤矿底板含水层改造、蓄能电站抽水通道施工、市政管道铺设等多个领域。地面注浆技术结合定向钻长距离精准穿越的优势，可实现地下工程不良地质高效预加固与灾害安全处置，具有广阔的应用前景。系统综述了定向钻注装备技术的发展历程、研究现状和待突破关键技术。首先，介绍了定向钻与地面注浆技术的发展历程；其次从重大科研项目、学术论文、授权专利以及工程实践等方面进行了分析与总结。结果表明：我国现阶段定向钻注技术总体已达到自主化、实用化的国际先进水平，但在千米级长距离快速钻进、复杂地质条件精准导向、地下工程精准注浆处置等核心技术方面仍存在“卡脖子”难题。面向战略性重大工程建设需求，提出了超长距离定向钻注一体化装备“预报、钻进、注浆、检测”四大功能模块，围绕随钻感知预报、快速钻进与卡钻预测、精准导向技术、远距离凝胶可控注浆材料、稳压控制分段注浆工艺、随钻检测系统六方面，开展了分析与讨论，可为我国定向钻注一体化装备技术发展和地下工程灾害防控提供参考。

Key technology analysis and development trend of the equipment for ultra-long directional drilling and grouting

Directional drilling technology (DDT) originated from oil drilling industry. After many years of development, DDT has been extended to geological investigation and disaster management for tunnel engineering, aquifer reconstruction at the bottom of coal mines, pumping channel construction for power storage stations, municipal pipeline laying and other fields. Combined with the advantages of DDT for long-distance accurate crossing, ground grouting technology can achieve safe and efficient management of underground engineering disasters, and has a broad application prospect. This paper systematically reviews the development history, research status and key technologies of DDT. Firstly, the development history of DDT is introduced. Secondly, the scientific research plan, academic paper publication, relevant patent authorization, and application exploration of DDT are analysed. The analysis results show that the DDT in China has reached an internationally advanced level of technological independence and broad-range application, but there are still some core technical problems that need to be resolved, such as thousand-meter long-distance fast drilling, accurate drilling guidance in complex geological conditions, and accurate grouting in underground engineering. Focusing on the construction requirements of strategic major projects, this paper proposes four functional modules, i.e., forecasting, drilling, grouting and detecting, and analyses and discusses six aspects of ultra-long directional drilling and grouting (i.e., sensing prediction while drilling, rapid drilling and sticking prediction, precision guidance technology, remote gel controllable grouting material, pressure stabilizing and controlling sectional grouting process, and detection system with drilling). This paper can provide reference for the development of DDT, and for the prevention and control of disasters in underground engineering.