职业教育资源分布影响因素及空间均衡性研究

厘清中、高等职业教育资源分布及其影响因素是完善中国职业教育体系、推动职业教育区域均衡发展的重要命题。本文针对县域尺度上职业教育资源空间分布特征及影响因素认识的不足，收集制备了县域尺度多要素匹配数据集，解析了2000—2020年间中国中等与高等职业教育资源的空间分布特征及其与经济社会发展指标的关系，进而从分布均衡性、产业匹配的角度诊断了中国职业教育资源的布局优化方向，提炼了优化发展建议。研究表明，中国中等与高等职业教育资源在不同空间尺度上均呈现以“胡焕庸线”为界东密西疏的分布格局。从影响因素差异上看，15岁以下人口占比和二、三产企业数量分别对中职、高职院校规模起到积极正影响。同时，中职教育资源分布显示出普遍性、下沉性及西部欠均衡的特征，而高职教育资源则表现出地级市内部区县间差异占主导，东部地区均衡性弱的特征。因此，研究建议根据地方与周边经济发展、产业和人才需求，优化分级、分类职业教育资源的配置。东部地区合理调控市域间高职院校资源配置，西部地区加大均衡性较差区县的中职教育资源投入，实现跨区协同合作；构建依托高职院校资源聚集的市域，带动周边县域专业相衔接的中职院校发展，持续提升其社会认可度，助力乡村振兴与新型城镇化建设。

Influencing factors and spatial equilibrium of China's vocational education resources distribution

Clarifying the spatial distribution of middle and higher vocational education resources and their influencing factors is an important proposition for improving China's vocational education system and promoting the balanced development of regional vocational education. This study attempts to fill in the knowledge gap that the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of vocational education resources at the county level is underexamined. We firstly generate a matched data set of multiple factors at the county level, including population, economy, middle and higher vocational education resources at China's county-level scale. Secondly, we analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of middle and higher vocational education resources in nearly two decades and then identify the quantitative relations with socio-economic development indicators. Thirdly, we examine the spatial equilibrium of vocational schools and the allocation of vocational education resources by industries. Finally, we put forward the corresponding policy options for China's vocational education resources allocation. The result show that the middle and higher vocational education resources at different spatial scales concentrate to the east of the Huhuanyong Line and scatter to the west of the line. In terms of the influencing factors, the number of people under the age of 15 has a significant positive role in promoting the number of middle vocational schools, and the numbers of secondary and tertiary industries has a positive impact on the number of higher vocational schools. The research results also present that the middle vocational education resources are widely distributed, and relatively unbalanced in the west. On the contrary, the higher vocational education resources are relatively unbalanced in the east, and the difference in higher vocational education resources is dominated by variations within cities. Accordingly, we suggest that the allocation of higher and middle vocational education resources should be optimized according to local and surrounding economic development, industry and labor demand. Specifically, the eastern region requires a more reasonable allocation of higher vocational education resources, and the western region should strengthen the construction of middle vocational education resources. Moreover, the connection and coordination of middle vocational education resources between the east and the west should be emphasized as well. In addition, by relying on the cities with premium higher vocational educational resources, the development of middle vocational schools in their surrounding counties can be promoted, especially for the schools setting up the related majors. These policy options put forward by this research can shed light on enhancing the social recognition of vocational schools, and eventually boost rural revitalization and new urbanization development in China.