云南典型山地乡村农业扶贫的机制与效应研究——以特色经济作物种植为例

农业扶贫是乡村发展与贫困减缓最为关键且重要的研究内容之一。西南山区孕育着独特的自然生态与社会文化,承载了中国传统人地互动的经典实践,同时也是观测国家发展计划实施后人地关系变迁的关键地方。本文以云南丽江高寒山区的玛咖种植与西双版纳热带山地的普洱茶生产为案例,分析并回溯两种特色农业扶贫计划实施的机制与过程,力图呈现并比较特色产业扶贫带来的乡村发展效应。研究发现：① 农业扶贫项目的选择与确立,需要符合“国家—地方”这一对多元尺度层级的社会文化语境与政治经济管治框架。各类经济作物被引进成为山地乡村的产业扶贫项目,得益于中国地缘政治战略、“内地—边疆”的社会文化分异以及地方多元行动者之间的复杂互动;② 农业扶贫使得山地乡村实现了资本下乡、土地利用有效转型,从而达到不同程度的经济资本积累与文化再造,使所在地方农民经历了从市场竞争的被动接受者到主动的市场主体的身份转型;③ 农业扶贫中“扶贫”与“产业”所表征的政治逻辑与市场逻辑之间并非互相矛盾与掣肘,二者在中国乡村发展语境之下得到了有效、协调的互促与兼容。本文为产业扶贫研究提供了来自地理学的新兴视角与反思,对西南边疆地区立足特色产业提振乡村经济亦具有一定的参考价值。

The mechanism and comprehensive effect of poverty alleviation with characteristic agriculture in typical mountainous rural areas of Yunnan Province: A case study on the production of special cash crops

Agricultural poverty alleviation is one of the most critical and important research contents in rural development and poverty alleviation. The mountainous areas in Southwest China have unique natural ecology and social culture, classic practice of Chinese traditional human-earth interaction, and it is also a place to observe the human-earth relationship transformation under the national development intervention. Taking Maca planting and Pu'er tea production as examples, this paper analyzes and traces the implementation of the agricultural poverty alleviation projections, and presents and compares the development effects of these two projections on typical mountainous villages. The results show that: First, agricultural poverty alleviation projects need to be embedded into the national socio-cultural context and politico-economic governance framework. Various kinds of cash crops are incorporated in the agricultural poverty alleviation projects. This benefits from China's geopolitical strategy, the socio-cultural "centre-periphery" differentiation, and the practices of the complex interaction among multiple actors in Yunnan Province. Second, agricultural poverty alleviation projects have enabled mountainous villages to attract investment and transform land use types, thereby achieving capital accumulation and cultural reconstruction. Local farmers have changed from passive recipients of market competition to active market players. Maca planting and Pu'er tea production have irrevocably tied the natural environment in Yunnan and the life worlds of local people to the commodity economy. Third, in agricultural poverty alleviation, the political logic and market logic represented by "poverty alleviation" and "agriculture industry" are not contradictory and restrictive. The two have been coordinated and compatible in Chinese rural development. However, it is worth pondering that we need to guard against fluctuations in farmers' livelihoods caused by the rise and fall of cash crops in the implementation of agricultural poverty alleviation projects. The research provides a new geographical perspective and reflection for the industrial poverty alleviation research, and provides policy reference for the frontier of southwest China to achieve rural revitalization based on agricultural economy.