国际河流开发和管理趋势

国际河流分布广,其流域占全球陆地面积的比例大,许多国际河流是多国大河,开发程度存在差异,且随国家经济边界的变化,其数目及其跨越国家数目相应变化。国际河流开发和管理相对于国家河流具有其特征,并由此带来跨境问题。随着流域系统观和可持续发展思想的深入,以及世界国际河流开发和管理的实践经验与教训,国际河流开发和管理呈现以下发展趋势：（1）从单一目标向社会、经济和生态多目标转变;从短期转向长期的、可持续发展目标;从商品价值目标转向包括非商品价值的目标;（2）不仅包括自然要素,还包括了与其相关的社会、人文要素。要求考虑开发和管理中各要素之间的相关性,以及与其相关的社会、人文要素;（3）从单一国家的开发转向多方参与、多国联合开发,并提出整体开发方式,并且具有多方参与的特征,包括有影响力、奖金和技术能力的国际机构、学术组织、非政府组织、私人投资者和社区团体等;（4）管理对象从技术管理向人的管理方向转变;（5）管理范围从流域的一部分,扩大到全流域,甚至扩大到整个地区流域各国而不仅仅是沿岸国之间,从单纯的流域内考虑转向更广泛的区域范围;（6）新的理论和技术支持。

DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT TRENDS OF THE INTERNATIONAL RIVER

The international rivers distribute widely and occupied a large area of the land Many of these rivers are flowing through many countries They are different in the development degree the numbers of the international river in the world and the number each international river change with the countries boundary This paper generalizes the characteristic of the development and management of the international river and its problems Some trends are drew out: (1)changing from the single objective to the multi-objective, from the view of short term to the long-term and sustainable development, from business goal to the goals including the non-business; (2)not only including the natural elements, but also including the relative elements of the social and human; (3)involving from the single country to the many countries, and the integrated method are put forward including the international institution, research organization, non-government organization, individually investment, and community groups with the affecting power, financial and technology; (4)the objection of the management from technical to the human; (5)the management area from part of the basin to the whole basin, even enlarge to all countries the river flowing through, besides the riparian countries; (6) supporting by the new theories and the technologies