Fluorite deposition in hydrothermal systems

During the formation of fluorite deposits fluorite is precipitated either as a consequence of changes in temperature and pressure along the flow path of hydrothermal solutions or due to fluid mixing, or as the result of the interaction of hydrothermal solutions with wall rocks.A decrease in temperature in the flow direction is the most appealing, though still unproven, mechanism of fluorite deposition in Mississippi Valley fluorite deposits.Mixing can produce solutions which are either undersaturated or supersaturated with respect to fluorite. The most important parameters are the temperature, the salinity, and the calcium and fluoride concentration of the fluids prior to mixing.A variety of wall rock reactions can lead to fluorite precipitation. Among these reactions which increase the pH of initially rather acid (pH ≤ 3) hydrothermal solutions are apt to be particularly important.