中国拐卖人口重罪案件多维特征与形成机制

拐卖现象由来已久,不仅扰乱社会秩序,也给受害者及其家庭造成严重伤害。目前相关研究大多关注受害者,对犯罪者尤其死刑犯的研究开展不足。为此,基于中国裁判文书网数据,综合运用数理统计、空间分析与社会网络分析等方法,聚焦拐卖人口死刑犯,解析中国拐卖人口重罪案件的多维特征与形成机制。研究发现：① 死刑犯以男性为主,犯案年龄以25~45岁为最;死刑犯的文化水平低,小学文化占比过半;刑满释放的罪犯实际服刑的平均年限为17年。② 典型拐卖人口重罪案件的犯罪网络呈现出“核心-边缘”结构,核心节点为犯罪者,受害者和收买方处于边缘位置。③ 死刑犯被执行时间随年份呈“M”形波动,分为“增长期”“波动期”和“减少期”3个时期;存在2001年和2010年两个峰值年份。④ 死刑犯的籍贯地在全国呈现出“两片一点”的空间格局,集中分布在西南地区、华北地区和东南地区的福建省。具体来看,西南地区的死刑犯主要集中在云南省（昭通市和文山州）。此外,死刑犯的空间路径呈现“西南-华北”“西南-华南”与“西南-新疆”的流窜作案特征。最后,从多维度整合分析的视角发现拐卖人口重罪案件的形成主要受“差异梯度力”的影响,不同地区的自然社会条件为拐卖人口犯罪的发生提供了基本要素。

Multidimensional characteristics and formation mechanism of serious human trafficking cases in China

Human trafficking, a long historical phenomenon, has an extremely serious impact on society, victims, and their families. At present, relevant studies focus on victims, and the research on criminals, especially death prisoners, is insufficient. In this research, we collect the data of death prisoners of human trafficking from China Judgments Online and use mathematical statistics, spatial analysis, and social network analysis to explore the multi-dimensional characteristics and formation mechanism of serious human trafficking cases in China. The results show that: (1) The death prisoners are mainly male, and the age of crime is between 25 and 45; the education level of death prisoners is low, and primary school education accounts for more than a half; the average length of the actual prison sentence is 17 years. (2) The criminal network of a typical serious human trafficking case presents a “center-periphery” structure, where the core nodes are the offenders, and the victims and the buyers are at the edge. (3) From 1995 to 2018, the temporal pattern of execution year of death prisoners fluctuates in an “M” shape, and it can be divided into three stages: “low growth”, “fluctuation growth” and “decrease”; 2001 and 2010 are two peaks. (4) Death prisoners' native provinces are concentrated in southwest and north China, and Fujian province, which shows a spatial pattern of “two areas and one point”. In municipal perspective, the death prisoners in the southwest region are mainly concentrated in Yunnan province (Zhaotong City and Wenshan Prefecture). In addition, the relationship between death prisoners' native provinces and corresponding cases' sentencing courts shows the patterns of “Southwest-North China”, “Southwest-South China” and “Southwest-Xinjiang”. Finally, we constructed a comprehensive mechanism from the perspective of multi-dimensional integration, and found that the formation of serious crimes of human trafficking is mainly affected by the “differential gradient force”. The natural and social conditions of different regions are the basic elements that affect the occurrence of human trafficking crime.